You are specifically describing street maps. There are other sorts of maps, even maps for areas with named streets where the streets are not named on the map.
A local orientation organization has checkpoints around many areas here in Sweden. You visit each one and tally up how many places you've visited. The web site lets you enter the 1- or 2-digit code for each checkpoint if you want to track it that way.
Here's my local map: https://koncept.orientering.se/provapaaktiviteter/hittaut/tr...
There are no street names on those streets. There are contour lines, making it a topographic map.
Look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map and you'll see other examples of topographic maps showing streets but not listing all or even most of the street names.