Why South Africa Is on the Brink of Chaos
bloomberg.com
bloomberg.com
Kind of strange to think about. Not saying that's wrong; just observing. A failed state is treated more like bad weather something that just happens.
I've visited once. Yes, many things seem to have gone south, but those are growing pains every country goes through to achieve a proper political and economic system.
Of course it is easy to avoid "chaos" when the majority of the people are brutally suppressed. Actually crafting a proper political and economic system is not as easy as it seems. Europe for instance had to go through horrible wars for centuries before its nations learned to live in relative peace.
Using HDI [0] you can see that ZA was middle of the pack developmentally in the 90s, but platueaed until 2007, when the commodity boom and BRICS fervor saw ZA's development skyrocket. Yet by 2013 onwards, that development began to plateau again.
Furthermore, ZA is a country that is traditionally compared to other rising economies like China, Brazil, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Thailand, etc. In the 2000s, ZA was far ahead of China developmentally and comparable to Mexico and Brazil, yet all 3 countries have overtaken ZA.
Heck, in 1990 Malaysia, Thailand, and South Africa were all comparable developmentally yet Malaysia and Thailand in 2023 have hit the precipice of becoming a developed country (HDI at 0.8 and above) while South Africa is still stuck.
Even Vietnam, a country that in 1990 was one of the poorest countries in the world has now in 2023 caught up to South Africa developmentally.
This absolutely constitutes a collapse. Mind you it's not as bad as Venezuela's (China in 2023 has only just hit developmental indicators that Venezuela had in the late 2000s and early 2010s, yet Venezuela had regressed to the same level as China in the early 2000s), but it is absolutely a massive regression.
It's an uncomfortable title, but it's a truth that must be confronted. How have once downtrodden countries like Korea, China, and large swaths of Eastern Europe been able to turn rags into riches while most of Africa has so far failed to?
GDP is not everything of course. But even on measures of safety, why is Africa so much more violent than equally poor Laos or Cambodia?
South America shares some of Africa's woes, so perhaps it's not a uniquely African problem. But it seems less bad, and the region has produced success stories.
I've heard it said that Africa has yet to have its naissance. Maybe, hopefully, that's it and things will get better over time. But with the current corrupt institutions and leadership that looks to be a gargantuan task.
At least for Eastern Europe, the answer is very clear: the European Union imposing a serious baseline regarding democracy, rule of law and corruption. While Poland and especially Hungary are testing how far the patience of the EU can stretch, in general it's still holding up. On top of that, Eastern European nations/their populations wanted to join the EU desperately, wishing to never experience authoritarian realsozialismus again.
China had an immense amount of young, trainable people and a lack of environmental and worker regulations, which the West was all too keen on exploiting, and established trade routes from UK empire times. That's how they got big.
Africa, in contrast, had and widely still has nothing. No coalition/federation that pushed applicants to improve, no/barely any external interest in the countries, no major trade routes, no one who gave a flying fuck about the entire region. The US largely don't care as long as there is no bad actor threatening their interests (such as ISIS, al-Quaeda and its offshoots), Europe doesn't care about anything but getting rid of migrants no matter what, the Arabs don't care, and there aren't natural resources worth the trouble of extracting them without violating supply chain concerns. The only ones at least caring a bit about Africa as a continent are the Chinese, but they don't care about politics as long as they get a supply of workers and a potential market for cheap crap now that Europe and the US are saturated - we're seeing first signs of that by Chinese fast fashion taking over clothing from Western "second hand" (mitumba) stuff.
Peaceful coexistence of many cultures within the same society is a nice idea, but in reality it's very hard to do right due to the tribal nature of our specie. Highly successful multicultural countries appear to be an exception, rather than a norm.
> Highly successful multicultural countries appear to be an exception, rather than a norm.
Them why is this "ideal" of multiculturalism so heavily pushed in media and government action?I personally speak four languages conversationally and from my familiarity, I cannot imagine even these similar cultures agreeing on enough basic values to form a stable society. How could dozens of cultures with different values and worldviews ever form a body of law that respects each tribe's values, customs, and interests?
Plenty of European countries have more than one language, only recently got 1 unified language.
You have countries like India that manage to make a cohesive country out of disparate peoples.
That's not to say these aren't contributing factors.
My current 'theory' / observation is that sub Saharan Africa never really had large scale civilisations, I wonder if that colours their conception of what a nation state is. Eg, if you think in terms of tribes. Perhaps that hinders scaling up to something bigger.
If these peoples have been living and fighting and reproducing successfully for millennia, why do Europeans and Americans think it necessary to get group them into states and force them to form large-scale heterogeneous bodies of law? Does that just make it easier to remove the mineral wealth from the continent?
Or do they need to develop their own concept of the state, or at the risk of sounding imperialistic, do they need to learn the concept of the nation state?
Broadly speaking I would say having structures larger than a tribe is a net benefit. Whatever form that may take.
Western governments need to stop assassinating leaders and toppling democratically elected governments every few years for that to happen. That hasnt stopped and it has a chilling effect, which is the purpose.
I read the article with the original title. Resulting Reddit discussion: <https://np.reddit.com/r/TrueReddit/comments/4x2vbu/there_are...>
>It's an uncomfortable title, but it's a truth that must be confronted. How have once downtrodden countries like Korea, China, and large swaths of Eastern Europe been able to turn rags into riches while most of Africa has so far failed to?
It's all of Africa. I was flabbergasted to learn that, contrary to what I'd heard for years about how Africa was poor but rapidly growing, the truth is that Africa is poor and not growing at all. <https://np.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/6krxpv/world_map_of...>
Can you point to some statistics to back this up? I've lived in Africa for most of my life, and I struggle to see the truth of this. Apart from some countries at war, where is tis extreme violence going on? For what it's worth, I felt far more unsafe when I lived in the US.
Compare how many people were killed in wars in the 20th century, by continent. Africa has been by far more peaceful compared to Europe and Asia; it's not even close.
Why? I really do not care anymore. How much have been poured in? How many marshall plans in $? While Germany rose from a bombed out nation in 1945 to the EU's strongest economy?
South Korea too is even more impressive, from an illiterate peasant nation to now with Samsung and all that.
Japan got hit with the most destructive man made weapon, twice. Granted, they were an Asian powerhouse up to WW2.
I think the key is education and "making your own shit". Have any African nations made weapons, planes, tanks, communications equipment, trains, cars, and now computers and phones in the same ilk?
Being Swedish, we are 10milion only and have made planes, submarines, ericsson + vast mining and forest operations with assorted companies. :)
Nothing. Do you actually think vast sums have been poured into Africa, with the objective of helping its development? If so, I'd like to disabuse you of that notion.
Actually, development aid to Africa (a drop in the ocean compared to what the US sends to Israel, or spent on the Iraq/Afghan war each week, for instance) is intended to hinder its development, by propping up the donor countries industries at the expense of local industry, or by supporting rulers who tow the western line.
I cannot go into all the reasons why/how this is the case, but all the information is out there if you search for it.
Relevant: TIL that Haiti has had 23 constitutions since 1801, with the most recent being enacted in 2012. At least two have declared the country to be an empire. <https://np.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/3t5wzt/til_th...>
Even the article notes that the first 15 years of ANC rule saw significant development, as does HDI data [0].
The issue was that Jacob Zuma essentially destroyed RSA thanks to his corruption. And the only reason he became President was because he headed the ANC's intelligence department from the 70s to the 90s, and as such had dirt on everyone.
The performance of the ANC has always been poor in South Africa. The party engaged in widespread AIDS denialism and dramatically cut investment as it attempted to help poor black africans through a variety of mostly poorly run schemes. Corruption was always present and connections with the ANC became essential in south africa. Today's troubles are the result of decisions made years ago.
Economic growth =/= Development btw
I'd say that there is not a _viable_ alternative party, due to fragmentation.
The DA has good representation in the Western Cape:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in...
Luckily for SA, in the reality of a declining west, they will probably get Chinese assistance instead of being isolated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%9...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1931%E2%80%93...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%93...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%93...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Et...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_famine
The deadliest famine in human history, the Great Chinese Famine, was caused by Communist policies.
Intellectually dishonest to ignore the ~10 year blockade carried out by western countries.
The reality is it's just one of 100s of centrally created false western narratives you may have fallen for.
If you are in the US, I cant completely blame you. There are too many drug dealing and human trafficking family fortunes in the US ruling class for the truth about one of their largest crime spree victims to easily emerge. African history is another victim of similar fraud.
Communist policies caused the Great Chinese Famine. And many other man-made famines.
No, you're not. You're a denialist and Communist apologist.
Is this really SA's problem, or rather classical tribalism? "A bastard, but our bastard."
(See also: Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq etc. Not just an African phenomenon.)
E.g. here in Lithuania we had a presidential candidate who is a women. I heard too many people advocating for her based on her gender. I heard some people going as far as saying that all women shall vote for her. Should all men vote for another candidate who happened to be man? Never got an answer :/
Eventually the lady lost. Some people cried that she lost because she is woman. Sexism and all that jazz. But we had woman president for previous 2 periods. Once elected in 1st round with 50%+ vote right off the bat. And we had first woman PM in early 90s. But yeah, it’s just sexism and not coming from a very polarizing party. With a baggage of being finance minister during 08 crisis.
You could make the argument that it was always going to be a problem and the colonizers didn't materially affect the course of history.
What you can't do is argue they didn't intentionally take advantage of this split for their own purposes. Because they did and it's documented history.
edit to add:
Here's a pro-apartheid Quora answer that suggests the separation of the different tribes was necessary to stop communists from stealing South Africa's mineral wealth.
> Apartheid gave these tribes their land back. Apartheid gave each tribe his independence from White Rule. Yes you lived ‘apart’ from the whites. But you lived apart in your own country. You could choose your own leaders and government and destiny.
> Communism was one of the driving forces to push the Black Independence program. The communists were using the blacks to try out vote the whites so that they could get control of of SAs mineral resources. By dividing SA into several smaller countries you effectively defeated the Communist plan.
Transkei & Ciskei: Xhosa
Bophuthatswana: Tswana (it's even in the name!)
Venda: Venda (ditto)
Kwazulu: Zulu (seeing the trend here?)
The Apartheid government was heavily involved in pitting tribes against each other, and especially in trying to co-opt Zulus against the others by allying with the Inkhata Freedom Party and Zulu king and offering them money, power, and other incentives.
don't forget the reason people voted for the nazis in Germany was not because they believed in their values but because they seemed competent to change things to the better, while all established parties seemed to not be able to do so
this (in a roundabout way) then put them in a position where they could size the remaining power by force transition into the power which would later start WW2
And it's not just back then. For example today many "right wing" forces in Europe use that arguments too telling people about how they (supposedly) can fix all the issues if you just stop nitpicking about "enter moral/ethic discussion here" and it just because the other parties blocking them for "insert slang for someone overdoing ethical correctness" reasons. Sure all a lie and most thing they propose tend to fall into the category of "looks like it could work until you understand market dynamics a bit better" and similar but people still get tricked.
Just to be clear in some parts of the world there seems to be an issue with political correctness and over policing(A) opinions but this is not a reason to stop putting ethical reasons into the selection of you vote, because AFIK the moment people stop that thing will get way worse.
(A) Like from outside of the US the US seems to suffer from it, but then when looking at inner US news closer I'm not sure if it's an actual issue or just people highlighting the exceptional case instead of the norm and starkly over exaggerating problems.
But, AFAICT, they also run on a lot of resentment in the society, from the loss in WWI, crippling sanctions, huge inflation, and the truly incompetent Weimar Republic government. The Nazi found a bunch of enemies: predatory Jewish capitalists, the evil Brits, the insidious Communists.
A common enemy always helps solidarity, and some fire sales and confiscations resulting from the flight or arrests of better-off Jewish entrepreneurs helped the bottom line, too. On top of that, Nazi offered grandeur: some ritualistic cultural revival, "ancient roots", racial supremacy over basically everyone, and increasing military might. This was raising the spirits, even if it was not improving the living conditions.
And winning the hearts of the population is utterly important for staying in power, usually more important than filling their bellies.
Then the president essentially challenges the 37% of the vote party to form a government, then dies (ok - THIS one was not the Nazi's doing), and appoints, on his deathbed (against regulations) NOT the vice president, but the leader of the party that managed to vote his government out of office twice. Frankly, he did this out of desperation (well, probably, we don't know).
So no, Hitler got to power through ... uh ... "agressive political maneuvering" (with a lot of violence and killing on the side). NOT through elections. He was never elected. Never even managed to falsify an election.
they didn't win the 1932 election and only got 36.77%.
but you can't at all compare it with "US party receving 37%" because it was a fundamental different system. And 37% with a turnout of 86.21% ((first round), 83.45% (second round)) is not low, that is percentage of population wise more votes for Hiter then for Trump in 2016 and slightly less then for Biden in 2020...
This might not have given them direct legal power (they still didn't won the presidential elections), but a lot of implicit influence.
At that point in time the congress of the Weimar Republic was already dysfunctional (actually, not just people complaining it is). And a major reason why Paul von Hindenburg did win the presidential election was due to some groups being seriously worried about Hitler winning.
Important is that P. Hindeburg was not part of any party and many hoped that he would find a way to fix the Weimar Republic.
After this failed, he did hand the power to Hiter on his death bad, yes. But that it was "against regulations" kinda wasn't that relevant as the whole political system was collapsing anyway. What mattered a lot was that Hiter had a quite high number of votes in the 1932 election and support for him had only grown since then, so handing the power to anyone else would likely have even further destabilized the political system potentially leading to a very devastating outcome for Germany. He knew Hitler was dangerous through as far as I understood he did expect other forces to be able to constrain Hitler more and Hitler not going anywhere as far as he did in the end.
Anyway I did oversimplify things to a degree where you could say they where not right. BUT the core idea still stands without so many people voting for Hiter in 1932 he likely would never have been able to take over the power and a good reason why he got so many votes wasn't because people celebrated him hating Jews but because the promises for a better future he made.
> He was never elected. Never even managed to falsify an election.
He didn't really need to.
In 1933 the NSDAP (his party) won (in not so democratic elections) the congress elections, they didn't had an absolute majority but by teaming up with the KSWR they still won which removed any remaining barriers for transitioning the Weimar Republic into a dictatorship and in turn removing any need for falsifying elections outside of PR reasons. (KSWR = mixed party union of conservatives, nationalist, emperor-monarchists and more which had quite a big overlap with the NSDAP and was also promised quite a bit of money).
that wasn't my point, I was speaking about them promising things, not delivering
my point was if you completly remove ethical considerations from your voting process (and many people do so) then sooner or later you have some really bad people in power
More often than not, it turns out these conservatives aren't only more corrupt but actually less competent than their liberal counterparts. Their "successful" past careers mean little when they are built upon backstage deals and friends taking care of friends.
There it is, the perpetually-available deal offered by all politicians: give us power and we will fix problem X (or maybe all problems).
Maybe intentions are good and the power is used to alleviate problem X. But soon those interested in solving X are replaced by those interested in the power.
And then the people are left with at least as many problems as before, but they've already given up the power and won't get it back.
Now it has reversed: the current regime is not racially oppressing, which is good, but it's not economically liberal, and the results are sad. Not nearly as bad as in Zimbabwe, but still could be much better.
So far, a properly run free market has been showing the best results of all approaches tried by humanity. Any attempts at controlling economy against its laws ended up in really poor results. The market works best under self-governing regimes, like republics and constitutional monarchies, where the law is equal for everyone, and is enforced. It still performs reasonably well in visibly authoritarian conditions, like (prewar) Russia, Turkey, or Xi's China, where some amount of rule of law remains, and corruption does not run rampant.
But the less efficiently run is the state (and efficiency correlates heavily with democratic regimes), the more the market deteriorates, and with it, does all economic prosperity. This only makes governmental inefficiency felt more heavily, the more prominent the corruption becomes, and the vicious circle continues. AFAICT this is what is happening in South Africa for last few years.
Are you suggesting apartheid should have continued?
We have a much lower mean wealth though.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_pe...
If you're one of the top 1% in America life is great. But the 99% should not be going around saying socialism sucks. That to me indicates you're gullibility and mindless support of the 1% who have waaaay too large a share of the wealth. The 99% have a lot of room to increase their wealth in America at the expense of the average by leaning a little more into socialism honestly.
Socialism sucks. The idea of "means of production owned collectively" tends to suck even in capitalism (too many shareholders), but if the owner is the state, it sucks massively. Any alignment of interests goes out of the window, massive white elephant projects get built in the name of ideology, "superfluous concerns" such as environmental damage are ignored, incompetent people get promoted to directors because their uncle is a Party bigwig. Nothing acts as a check on rampant corruption.
We should know by now that communism as a form of government appears to be better than average at enabling corruption, because the underlying mechanism of removing personal choice is so well aligned.
Not so; I’m not aware of this happening on a large scale in the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities in Mexico, for example (please point me to sources if I’m wrong).
Nepotism, corruption and waste of resources are well established even in non left wing countries.
True, and the problem gets worse with concentration of power in just a few hands; the absolute extreme is reached if all the power is concentrated in one person, or two (Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu come to mind, or Stalin).
This process is mitigated by the chaos that is inherent in markets and democracies; but classical socialism is an intellectual construct that seeks to avoid most of the chaos and replace it by central planning and predictable development.
Decentralized socialism might avoid that particular trap, but I suspect that in decentralized socialism, people in many jurisdictions would just vote for return to the older form of private ownership and so it would end.
People have forgotten the alternative to capitalism and communism proposed by Veblen and others was the technocracy.
Back then there were no computers which is why the movement failed. But there already existed a tension between the Engineer and the manager/luxury/leisure class.
Veblen said the natural instinct of the Engineer is to reduce waste (ie corruption). While the natural instinct of the leisure class is to signal power and status through how much they can waste and get away with.
This tension is very much alive and is what produces Snowden. With AI do not underestimate what the next bunch of Snowdens will attempt as a natural reaction to the injustices they see.
Steinbeck was one of our great writers and the Nobel Committee, which is hardly American-controlled, awarded him the prize in literature "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception."
It's just a question of how much, right? It's more than one woman can make, but I reckon it's less than one cow can.
Australia is not socialist, period. Its a market economy.
LOL, love the tone policing. Do you realise some people actually lived under socialism? I am from East Europe.