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Linux has preempt_rt pretty conveniently accessible, and Pipewire has some useful tuning knobs, but my Steinberg UR44 can't seem to keep up.

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Are you already aware of the PipeWire batch flags which add additional latency to USB audio devices (dependent on ALSA period rather than quantum)? https://pipewire.pages.freedesktop.org/wireplumber/configura...

Yes, I tried setting those lower but ended up with xruns and other issues. :(

Did you decrease the USB ALSA period to the lowest practical value (eg. 128 or so)? In theory this provides finer-grained position updates and better stability at any given latency, but I'm not sure how it interacts with USB's polling rate.

Yes, the latency increases, the audio quality worsens, and I see the following messages in Pipewire's logs:

[W][30498.719355] spa.alsa | [ alsa-pcm.c: 2478 spa_alsa_read()] steinberg_ur44_mono_in:UR44,0,2: follower delay:4042 target:4832 thr:256, resync (374 missed)

Ouch that's unfortunate :(

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