I grew up in a top drug spot in Portugal. Things were bad, really bad. I would say that worse was impossible, every extended family had drug problems. After the early 90's peak, slowly it got better, addicts' younger brothers and neighbors had real examples. Doing drugs was not "cool" anymore. That generation was eradicated from my home town (many died by counterfeit drugs or overdose, the rest after jail and detoxs eventually moved somewhere else to start over).
Politicians, as always, take positive results as their own but their influence here was negligible. The only positive policy was free syringe exchange. It certainly had a positive impact on AIDS control. Now drugs are coming back (not nearly as bad as once was). Younger generations didn't witness the human degradation as my generation did. It's a cycle.