The way I see it is a mix of all of that, but number 3 is the biggest.
Twitter is not big here. There’s people who use it, sure, but there’s a reason you don’t see that many EU issue trending on Twitter. Here’s an example out of the top of my head: France is rioting and it barely registered on Twitter.
The biggest European market for Twitter is the UK and it has 19M users, the second biggest is France with 9.5M [1]
The only time I see EU events surging on Twitter is during continental sporting events like Champions League, or Eurovision.
Twitter is just that that big around here.
Instagram on the other hand, I don’t know anyone without an IG account - so that might muddy the waters on this dynamic.
This however is just my personal experience.
[1] https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/number-of-twitter-users-by...