The "core problem" is powerful leaders seeking more control over the world. That problem can't be addressed with a philosophy of government, it can only be addressed by holding leaders like Steve Ballmer accountable for their actions.
It seems your entire argument is based off the assumption that corporations must be able to control people, or else they wouldn't exist. Hasn't the ideal always been "the market controls the corporation"? If you make a product that fulfills a need of the market you are rewarded, if you make a product people don't want then you fail.
If a corporation has control over consumers then the market fails, this is part of the reason why we have anti-trust laws.
I agree with you that one of the forces we're fighting is leaders trying to take too much control, but the answer is not to "hold them accountable," it's to not give them power in the first place. That's the whole point behind the structure of almost every modern government. In America, for example, the federal government is broken into three parts with a system of "checks and balances" to stop any one part from getting too much power.
Corporate charters are special privileges granted by the state.
Law without an underwriting by law enforcement is not more than convention.
Of course they require the state. They are an invention of government.
I would guess that even hunter gatherers were organizing limited liability ventures like hunting parties.
That, and so long as political mores remain unchanged, year after year we'll see scandal after scandal.