If you are struggling and want a no-bullshit stack, why not PHP or string interpolation in your favorite language? These approaches are easily more productive than anything that has come out over the last 5 years. All the excuses for why this won't work are almost certainly traceable back to ego/resume-driven development pressure rather than actual technical justifications.
Bookmarking MDN and literally treating it like the web bible is the solution for most of this. You don't need a JS framework. You don't need a CSS framework. Definitely not as of 2023. Between big wins like grid & flexbox, I can't think of anything I absolutely need to vendor out anymore.
Once you take the training wheels off and fall a few times, you will learn that this stuff isn't that scary. You can actually write javascript like "document.getElementById" and retain ownership over your soul. The next step is convincing your teammates of the same and then deciding upon some common patterns to follow that make it easier to collaborate. Put differently, let the frameworks evolve naturally over time. Don't force them in from the beginning.