I’ll add an odd tertiary problem HN folks might find interesting.

It is becoming increasingly common for “undergraduate research opportunities” to in fact just be a job annotating data. Researchers need some custom annotated dataset. Undergraduates want “research experience”. So researchers offer an opportunity to undergrads who think they will be doing meaningful research but instead are just mechanical turkers. No pay, perhaps a promise of research credit later…

It’s disingenuous to students but also disingenuous to companies looking for some meaningful research experience on resumes that list it.