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Aviation: INTEGRITY, LynxOS, or other certified closed source RTOS.

Automotive:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOSAR

Why don't they simply run the timing-critical stuff on a bunch of MCUs?

The Boeing 787 is apparently using INTEGRITY-178, a realtime OS from Green Hills Software:

https://www.ghs.com/customers/boeing_787.html

Linux, usually very old and very well tested Linux.

Things that are almost Linux, like LynxOS

Lighter RTOSs like VxWorks.

If it's simple box it may be bare metal.

Oh, and sometimes Windows (but generally not for anything with a safety effect).

VxWorks 653, VxWorks 7

In addition to Synergy BSP

I have seen SysGo's PikeOS being used in Railway signalling systems. Also Threadx in Military Aerospace and Medical devices. Micrium in medical devices.

What is Tesla using on their cars?

I heard Teslas run on a bunch of Javascript in a web browser.

I'd feel safer if they used MacOS.

You're kidding, right?

Sarcasm, no?

https://tidbits.com/2019/10/21/six-reasons-why-ios-13-and-ca...