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Yes, they must be because Apple doesn't allow a Javascript JIT engine to be released in the app store.

Doesn’t that mean alternative browser engines are permitted, albeit they might perform slowly?

Have you seen a viable "alternative browser engine" that doesn't require javascript support these days?

It is not about "performing slowly" but about getting your app rejected from the App store because it violates an Apple policy of scripting languages/interpreters not being allowed. And also another one that forbids you from competing/replacing the Apple applications, i.e. Safari. So if you want to display a web page you have to use webview (i.e. Safari behind the scenes).

Yes and it is common knowledge!

Didn't Opera used to do remote rendering?

Opera mini.

It's all WebKit on iOS and iPadOS