You can get fast startups if you're willing to define your containers upfront (dockerTools, nix2container) and/or adopt a dynamic container-server (nixery, flakehub). And you can get reasonably fast substitutions if your binary cache is on MinIO in the same cluster as the workers.
But I feel like there's still room for a "magic" /nix/store that skips the copying and decompression stage altogether— something that works using standard nix invocations (like Magic Nix Cache), but presents itself as a Kubernetes Volume, so that in cases where a path already exists on-node, the existing files (in the cache pod) are simply mounted/served directly into whatever container ran a nix command.
I don't feel like I really know enough about either k8s or nix to assess the practicality of such a thing, but the thought of lightning-fast substitutions for arbitrary Nix workflows is massively appealing.