The last update to AFP shipped with Mac OS X Mountain Lion in 2012 [1]. Nobody should be using AFP in 2023, unless you have no other choice.
While you can use Time Machine to backup to an SMB share, ideally you want to use an APFS volume to get all of the benefits, especially if you're concerned about data integrity.
You can read about using APFS network shares for Time Machine at The Eclectic Light Company [2], a Mac-focused blog/website by Howard Oakley.
If you're interested in the details of how Time Machine works, nobody I'm aware of has written more about its details than he has [3].
He's written a slew of useful macOS utilities, including T2M2 for Time Machine [4].
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol
[2]: https://eclecticlight.co/2021/04/16/time-machine-to-apfs-usi...
[3]: https://eclecticlight.co/?s=time+machine
[4]: https://eclecticlight.co/2021/09/29/going-beyond-t2m2-with-m...
There is nothing special about this, other than personally finding out that I could replace my failing Time Capsule for something so cheap.
But if my posts irritate some jerk on the Internet who has nothing better to do than spread negativity, then that’s definitely a nice unintended benefit.
Do you need a hug?
Amen.
Inability to process criticism is how this industry gave us things like the Juicero.
Ironically, the one thing Juicero got right is cutting their losses early and calling it a day.
If that irritates you, this might not be the site for you.