The long story of how neural nets got to where they are [video]
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I think equating his 'ideas' with perceptrons might be anachronistic. But it does seem to suggest complex and abstract ideas are composites, built of networks of networks of simpler ideas, the connections between them being of a simple nature as well, perhaps all boiling down to nothing more than many stacked layers of basic sensations being present or absent, plus how they are sequenced and associated.
It's not completely revolutionary; much of it follows Aristotle. The particular emphasis on 'ideas' and their 'connexions' being everything to thought, is perhaps original to Hume. This is in essays 2 and 3. Makes me think of Leucippus and his atoms. Not really our atoms, and yet still uncanny in their resemblance, especially with so little to go on. Disclaimer: I haven't read it in some 20 years besides skimming for the above quotes, and I'm not a philosopher.
https://davidhume.org/texts/t/1/3/11
I think this section on animal intelligence helps spell it out too (I also have to wonder if people just ignore this part in general when they claim he's an "empiricist" in the understood sense, or maybe they just failed to fill in the missing shade of blue):
Cheers
Also not exactly what was asked, but so good: James Gleick’s ”Information”. It is about the history of information theory or how to statistically argue about information. Really starts from the beginning, eg. how some tribes used drums to talk to each other over kilometers away.