Apple can see everything you store in iCloud

The headline is an outright lie.

Later in the article they say:

  Some kinds of data are always end-to-end encrypted, even with the default standard data protection:

  Passwords and Keychain
  Health data
  Home data
  Messages in iCloud (only when iCloud backup is disabled)
  Payment information
  Apple Card transactions
  Maps
  QuickType Keyboard learned vocabulary
  Safari
  Screen Time
  Siri information (excluding Siri Shortcuts)
  WiFi passwords
  W1 and H1 Bluetooth keys
  Memoji

Also in the article "In December 2022, Apple introduced new security features, including Advanced Data Protection, which applies end-to-end encryption to several additional kinds of data. Apple calls this their “highest level of cloud data security”. Advanced Data Protection generates encryption keys on each of your iCloud-connected devices and encrypts eligible data before uploading it to iCloud. Apple does not have access to the keys required to decrypt that data."

The default is no e2ee