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At the risk of sounding snarky, https://chat.openai.com would be a good introduction, followed by books, which GPT could recommend.

I have no idea tbh. I learned these a while ago (~7 years ago), and the materials I used then are heavily outdated and also I won't be able to remember what they were. I guess any intro course to deep learning should talk about these. Stanford ones used to be good. Maybe someone else can be more useful about it.

I'd recommend starting here:

https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-...

It's pretty lengthy but doesn't require a PhD to understand. If you can get to the end of it you'll have a much better understanding of what's going on.

To be honest, I'd start with some introduction to Transformer YouTube videos. They'll cover a lot of these terms and you'll then have a better understanding to find additional resources.