Sounds like a synonym for untrained unlicensed psychotherapy.

If you read around the malpractice that happens with regulated therapists that have oversight and reporting requirements, you will be deeply sceptical about the absolute weapons that sell themselves as "coaches" and such. It's a great way for scammer to access incredibly vulnerable people and create exploitative relationships. Please seek help through reputable medically endorsed regulated providers.

It's any philosophy that describes emotion. Mine in particular describes emotions as arguments. If you're still curious, contact me through my profile here and I will send you a copy of my book.

You are way ahead of me and should be proud of the work you're putting in. Remember that quality matters too and helped people help others.

Generally it's low. I say the "exhausted other options" bit because the personality archetype prevalent in tech will generally view the institutional approach as the ultimate method (which is just fine, please get help where you need it). The problem is if that doesn't work, they don't see other options as viable. To them, suggesting philosophy is like suggesting herbal tea after the strongest antibiotic failed. In a sense that's right, but there are problems that herbal tea solves that antibiotics do not.