The History of Fire Escapes (2018)
noidea.dog
noidea.dog
But that's the thing that's notable about fire escapes: they were a required retrofit. Building code changes are almost never retroactive, but in response to fires "have two paths of egress" was added, and because it was so important it was made retroactive. It being very difficult to add a stairway to an existing building, external stairways were allowed.
Because they were moved by hand, these had to be provisioned in each small local area.
Of course, this only worked because the buildings were mostly not very tall.
The name originates from steam-powered vehicles, where the firewall separated the driver from the fire heating the boiler.