Carbon-negative concrete
spectrum.ieee.org
spectrum.ieee.org
Reversing the process by injecting carbon dioxide in curing cement is turning sturdy calcium oxide into flimsy calcium carbonate. Every pound of CO2 you sequester this way necessitates multiple pounds of CO2 released elsewhere to get that oxide to your construction site (production + transportation).
The economics and carbon footprint are similar to corn ethanol- attractive and green if you pay no attention to the total balance.
A corn belt politician I’d expect this from. IEEE should know better.
The CarbiCrete one for example uses CO2 to cure the concrete, but doesn't use cement.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S09596...
> steel slag has shown the potential to replace cement as an alternative binder if carbonation activation is performed.
• Compressive strength of normal concrete: 25-50MPa
• Compressive strength of their slag concrete with 2h CO2 added: 12MPa
• Compressive strength of their slag concrete with 24h CO2 added: 24.3MPa
My takeaway:
Using slag instead of cement = good idea.
Using slag OR cement plus CO2 = bad idea.
If there's a good amount of stuff that doesn't need the higher compressive strengths, I'd think there could be some decent potential to offset with this stuff. Applications that really need higher strength wouldn't need to use this carbonized stuff.
A simple example is in my previous home when I had a section of the master bedroom closet partially walled around a Class C TL-30 rated firesafe, and the room partially reconstructed with ballistic armor in the walls and a vault door, to turn it into a safe room for valuables + home protection. The safe had a weight of nearly 9000 pounds in a footprint of 64 by 30 inches on the floor. I was only able to do this because the house was a slab on grade construction and we knew the footing depth and slab thickness of the concrete would handle the weight.
If this had been some sort of "eco concrete" it would have cracked and eventually failed under that weight, and we would not have known this because the slab thickness would have been the same.
P.S.: Since everyone always asks because it's hard to find actual safes (most "safes" are garbage RSCs), it was custom built by a local safe-maker and expect to pay $$$$$. The safe I had installed was $35k, and that didn't include the room tearout/rebuild or the vault door, just the freestanding safe that went into the room.
But... why? This does not seem like a typical use case.
There are much better arguments against shitty, compromised concrete than 'I need to park a semi-truck in my bedroom closet.'
One example of a reasonable argument is: "I want to put a very heavy safe on the floor, which works fine when it's normal concrete".
Unless your threat vector is 'A cartel/the Mossad/the FBI really, really wants you dead', a cellphone and a room with no windows and a heavy door that locks from the inside will solve 99.9% of that problem, without all the problems that guns bring.
I suppose the point is that it doesn’t matter what concrete was used as long as you knew how it was actually built and current conditions of the foundation (and below the foundation for that matter).
By having such high valuables at home, aren't you putting your family at risk?
Also, why talk about these things on the internet? Isn't that painting a target on your back too?
I understand the safe room, just not the safe.
You would think, unfortunately banks have done a great sleight of hand in the US limiting their liability related to safe deposit boxes /and/ safe deposit boxes available to rent are nearly impossible to find. Nearly every bank branch in any major metro will have a waiting list that is years out to get a box.
What's so valuable? Well, basically the same stuff most people keep in a random desk/dresser drawer, but ought to have in a safe: Paperwork mostly, guns, jewelry. It's not like I'm storing anything worth tons and tons of money, but the insurance break on getting everything fully covered when you have that sort of safe is significant, and it's one-time up front expense to ensure you can properly store things like paperwork, guns, and jewelry which is easily worth tens of thousands of dollars anyway.
The only difference between me and every other random joe that buys a gun safe at bass pro/cabela's, is that I know what an /actual/ safe is, and I went about acquiring one rather than the cheap RSC you can bypass with a pry bar and a hammer or a sawzall.
> By having such high valuables at home, aren't you putting your family at risk?
Many people have things at home equally valuable, they just don't bother actually doing anything to protect them. I don't think doing the work to protect them adds any additional risk.
> Also, why talk about these things on the internet? Isn't that painting a target on your back too?
Sure, I suppose so. That's true of so many things. I think it's important to be transparent with information though and then mitigate or hedge any risks that come with it. For instance, in my case, I'm nearly always home, I'm always armed, and my valuables are well protected. If someone were to find out and decide they wanted to rob me, the most likely outcome is they'd be leaving in a body bag, so they're unlikely to think that is a wise idea.
https://web.archive.org/web/20230108123245/https://www.nytim...
Edit: HN discussion https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=20545276
A safe deposit box /might/ be marginally better for backup drives and paperwork simply because it's offsite, but a 3-2-1 (one is none, 2 is one) policy/process is better. This really sucks for paperwork because the government is stupid and usually only the actual original matters (e.g. signed marriage license or birth certificate) and certified copies aren't sufficient.
I HIGHLY recommend anyone who wants to be an actual responsible adult to buy a /real/ safe for their home and stick the things that will utterly destroy their life if they're lost/stolen/destroyed into that safe, and keep a spare key/combo to it with whoever is the executor of their will/estate. Nearly every person in America over the age of 30 has tens of thousands of dollars in valuables worth protecting, they just may not think of it as that. It's something like the deed to your house & the associated title and mortgage paperwork, your car titles, insurance policy information for valuables, your marriage license, your passport & birth certificate or other identifying documents, etc. This stuff is absolutely worth protecting, and the dinky "document safe" for $30 at Walmart isn't going to do jack shit.
EDIT: Edit to add that a real safe doesn't have to be $35k. I bought a huge safe when I did it. If you want a small fire-rated Class B TL-30 safe that weighs in the neighborhood of 500-800 pounds, can hold most things other than rifles/shotguns/long-guns, you can find something decent for less than $5k without much trouble, which is around what it costs for a "nicer" "gun safe" at bass pro anyway.
My mother guards her social security card and passport like they are the keys to life. She was absolutely shocked that I let a scooter rental shop in Vietnam hold my passport as collateral.
People lose or get robbed of everything important all the time. There's a process for everything. I rather not worry and just live my life and deal with things as they come, not worrying so much.
You have a much rosier picture of things than I have. I have had to learn the hard way about some of these things, it sounds like you've been lucky so get to be happy-go-lucky. I hope you continue to have good luck in your life. Car titles are only easy to replace while you retain possession of the vehicle and are the recorded owner in the DMV database.
If someone steals the car + title (which happened to me once when I foolishly did what many people do and left the title in the glove box), they can easily re-register the vehicle to themselves and you have basically no recourse unless you can conclusively prove they forged your signature or fraudulently registered the vehicle. Once the successfully record the title change you are pretty screwed, as the saying goes "possession is 9/10s of the law", and it's sadly pretty true. You'd think reporting a car stolen to the police would block someone re-registering it, but that wasn't the case then. It was over 15 years ago, maybe things are better now as much vehicles are electronically titled, but I'd still recommend not losing it.
Maybe my viewpoint is simply a matter of age. Things are much more electronic now and paperwork is less important because there are electronic records. On the flip side, if the electronic records are wrong, sometimes paperwork is the only thing you have to prove that.
Uh, why would that work? Reporting the car stolen should require proof of ownership to prevent denial of service attacks. Someone cuts you off on the freeway? Report their car stolen.
most stolen cars go to spare parts or export to Global South as junk/scrap and you can't do that without DMV re-registration.
if you truly have modern car (like BMW 2017 or newer), then you can just disable and lock it remotely from an app, and geolocate it.
Are signatures even a good way to validate identity?
> how in the world would they even be able to question a signature?
https://www.autotrader.com/sell-car/in-ID
According to https://notary.pandadoc.com/knowledge-center/does-a-bill-of-... only Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Montana, and West Virginia require a notary on a bill of sale.
You can't just steal a car with a title of somebody's name and transfer toy ourself, without the original owner and his ID present?
https://www.reuters.com/article/eurozone-greece-cash/greeks-...
All in, I spent around $90k in 12 years on the house, and the outcome was maybe $25k returned at sale. When you look at anything like that you should really consider how long you think you're going to stay there. I had intended to live in that house quite a lot longer, but life situations changed and I had to move out of state, so off to sale it went. Nonetheless, I don't regret any of the improvements I made because I got to live with those improvements and have a house that matched my needs/wants/desires. If I buy a house again (I'm currently renting), I'll probably have it custom built. There's simply no reason in my mind to put up with lowest-common-denominator mediocrity and normalcy in the highest cost thing you will likely ever purchase in your life, and the folks who do that to return a few higher percentage points of ROI at sale are treating themselves like they're a renter in a rental property, rather than treating themselves like a homeowner. A house isn't an investment, it's a place to live that you can do pretty much anything you want with it.
While I'm on that topic, there's a few things everyone should know about safes.
An RSC, or Residential Security Container, has a very minimum standard, and the "gun safes" even though they are heavy and bulky at bass pro are usually RSCs. They are legally required to be marked, and if they are marked RSC, they are no more secure against burglary than your typical sheet-steel locking cabinet at the hardware store. Sometimes they're actually worse. The big thick door and the big thick walls on those "gun safes"? Well, generally it's two thin sheets of steel with drywall sandwiched between them. Why drywall? Well, it helps with fire protection and is the primary way in which the safe gets fire rated.
So let's talk about that drywall for a second. When you have a fire rated safe that uses drywall and it doesn't hermetically seal it, that drywall can actually cause corrosion of firearms or other metal objects and degradation of papers stored within the safe. Modern drywall is exceptionally corrosive, but usually this isn't a problem in homes because it's painted over on the inside to seal it and it off-gases to the outside where homes aren't perfectly sealed. In a safe though, you have a seam-welded outer shell, drywall, then carpet glued over it (which is also corrosive as well), or in better safes a seam-welded outer shell, drywall, then a tack welded inner shell with no carpeting.
Why does drywall cause corrosion and degradation of paper? Two compounds in drywall are responsible: Formaldehyde and Sulfur. Carpet also contains huge amounts of Formaldehyde typically, as does the carpet adhesive. Formaldehyde off-gasses and is itself deeply corrosive. Sulfur compounds in the drywall combine with moisture in the air to produce a chemical reaction when encountering naturally occurring pyrite in the powdered rock base of the drywall to produce iron hydroxide and sulfuric acid when coming into contact with exposed iron and high carbon steel (e.g. what guns are made of). The iron hydroxide off-gasses and the sulfuric acid is left behind and causes corrosion and pitting.
Don't be a big dummy, buy a real safe, not the crap they sell for thousands of dollars at big box stores with less than $100 in materials costs. If you are okay with the security level of an RSC you can get by with a plain locking steel cabinet.
Factory conditions allow for tighter tolerances, which means you can dial in the product. Concrete poured outside has a range, and the worst case scenario is tightly controlled, but at the cost of potentially overspecced concrete. Or at least more expensive workers.
Wooden building work pretty well, though forestry has plenty of its own problems (see New Zealand and it’s series of slash disasters).
This particular subject matter area falls in a blind spot where electrical, chemical, and environmental engineering meet, and nobody gets rich pulling the rug out like I just did.
I write about this in my book Fat Gas. Plenty of modern-day snake oil salesmen out there.
Isn't that just your typical air-con unit?
But you will find dozens of examples in a google search of people who somehow think they've solved the world's water woes by collecting condensate off a disassembled A/C or dehumidifier, and ignorant uncritical news reporters buying it hook line and sinker. Collected funding, even had a whole embarrassing incident at Cal involving the freshman engineering class a few years ago.
There is definitely a need for clean water out of air, but it's got some subtle limitations: you don't need it when it's already raining, and the further you get from that condition, the less well dehumidifiers work in terms of gallons produced per kwh consumed. Below 50% RH, you're getting bupkis for condensate. Most of that energy is spent cooling off air but not quite cold enough to get it to leave its moisture behind.
Here's an easy thought experiment next time you run across one of these "inventions". If a cubic foot of air at 40% humidity contains .24 mL (sorry for mixed units) of water, give them the benefit of the doubt and say their setup is 100% efficient for pulling every last molecule of water out of air. and it runs on a 28cfm computer case fan. How many gallons per hour would that be? 0.1. The reason these suck is not that they don't work in dry conditions (though they don't), but that they don't move enough air to be useful.
It looks like the main problem with previous experiments with biochar added in cement was that the biochar did not bind well, making a crumbling result, but this article is about solving precisely that.
How important is binding in compression (which is what concrete is used for)? Not very.
Carbonate doesn't strengthen, it weakens. And if forming carbonate in biochar strengthens versus standard biochar, I would imagine forming oxide in biochar would strengthen even more.
The binding part is very important. It holds grains between them. For example that's the difference between a hard granite and a crumbly, sandy granite rock (that's called "decomposed granite"). It's day and night.
And I also believe them that the treated biochar is stronger than the untreated one. Maybe if the same process was used to treat the cement itself it would be a disaster, but here that's not the case.
What do you mean "forming oxide in biochar"?? The oxide of biochar is CO2. Are you trying to make fun of me heh...
But I could see it depositing in biochar as Calcium Oxide. A physical mixture, not a chemical reaction, is what I meant.
The first application that comes to mind for me is an alternative to styrofoam-fill insulating concrete forms. Biochar sounds like an improvement vs even waste diverted styrofoam.
At this point, I don't think anyone that makes a heavy duty truck doesn't sell an EV version.
Volvo started selling an EV concrete mixer this year.
https://www.teslarati.com/daimler-freightliner-ecascadia-pen...
This honestly feels like I slipped into a separate timeline when I wasn't watching, last I heard of the topic Nikola was a pump and dump scam, everyone seemed sceptical about battery mass lowering payload to useless levels and range being crap, these things requiring beyond megawatt chargers to get reasonable charging times, you name it. That's somehow all gotten solved in the past few years?! I mean I'm all for it, just seems almost impossible to believe.
I don't imagine all loads are perfectly suited for EV semis, I imagine we'll continue to have a mix of different technologies for a while. Companies will do what makes economic sense.
And we'll ignore carbon to manufacture the truck and create and maintain the roads, warehouses, and other transport infrastructure.
The per-mile CO2 emissions for my EV are definitely less than an equivalent ICE even if it was powered 100% by combined cycle natural gas. But its powered by like 30%+ renewable which have overall lifetime emissions far less than even a CCNG plant. Sure, the EV had higher emissions to be built but it's probably already reached its break-even point.
And that's ignoring the benefits to local air quality. Commercial trucks have absolutely terrible levels of local emissions which are massively reduced. Far better to have the emissions happen at a centralized CCNG plant where they have a good opportunity for scrubbing and being in an overall less impactful area.
Transportation uses energy, therefore transportation is not carbon neutral.
e.g. Transportation using EVs that get all of their charging from a solar installation.
You can't just say "look, I am carbon neutral because I consider that the carbon that was extracted to make my electricity counts for somebody else", that's just naive. Either you live in a carbon neutral world, or you don't.
Fact is, we are not even remotely close to living in a carbon neutral world, and renewable energy does not remotely promise to replace fossil fuels. Hence the more energy you use, the bigger your carbon footprint. We need to use less energy, that's all. There is no green energy.
First, we are living a mass extinction, and that's not because of climate change. Species disappear essentially because of habitat loss, pollution, pesticides, deforestation, etc. The mass extinction is due to how we live with all that cheap energy we have. Finding an infinite clean energy would not change that. Hence we need to use less energy.
Second, fossil fuels are screwing up the climate, which will add to the biodiversity problem we already have. But this is just getting started. The thing is that we don't have a solution to replace fossil fuels at scale. And if we did, that would still leave us in a mass extinction. Hence we need to use less energy.
Technology is not the solution, it's mostly the problem. We need to do less with less. Urgently.
https://e360.yale.edu/features/the_case_against_ethanol_bad_...
https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/the-road-to-low-carb...
What a big obstacle to adoption — too many building techniques rely on on-site pouring, I hope they can engineer some solution.
- this concrete formulation is self-healing like Roman concrete
- Whether that absorption property is dependent on other factors like heat (our cities create a heat island effect)
- Whether adding in things like rebar give rise to any unexpected interactions
> To get around that problem, the duo first treated the biochar with waste water that was produced during concrete production.
Is the waste water from biochar-cement based concrete suitable for use in creating subsequent batches of biochar-cement?
How feasible is it to capture this waste water from producing the concrete and ship it back to the cement factory for producing cement?
I can't help to think that such overhyped reporting isn't helpful. Concrete will not be caron-negative any time soon. This is very early research. It's good that it's being done, but it should also be clear that this is very far away from an industrial process that can be used for real.
What part of the reporting did you feel was hyped?
What I took from it is: Some researchers and companies are working on similar projects to reduce carbon footprint of concrete. Some have some interesting results but with some rather extreme compromises. It ends with industry not being interested yet, but work continues anyways.
Isn't the exactly the level of reporting you would expect from an insider publication like IEEE?
Speaking of which, is there any possibility of making a brick that is 80%+ carbon (for the purpose of sequestration) and non-flammable? Like some sort of low-cost carbon fiber brick?
I thought biochar is a carbon stable form that is in demand as a soil amendment?
Holy shit.
* https://www.vox.com/videos/2023/4/20/23691222/cement-carbon-...
Charcoal is black carbon produced by incomplete combustion of ligneous material. Biochar is charcoal that has been filled with nutrients, bacteria and fungi.
> Biochar is the lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, remaining after the pyrolysis of biomass. Biochar is defined by the International Biochar Initiative as "the solid material obtained from the thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment".
You may be thinking of biochar specifically as a soil amendment, where it is sometimes loaded with probiotics and such:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar#Soil_amendment
> She pointed out that when pre-charged with these beneficial organisms, biochar promotes good soil and plant health.
It also looks like the quote from the biochar wiki page is a near copy from the charcoal page.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal
There is plenty of confusion over the word "biochar" even among gardeners that use it. It is always pre-charged before adding to soil. Adding raw charcoal will rob the soil of all nutrients and kill plants.
Yay pedantry!
Bad news is that we still have enough fossil fuels to finish screwing up the climate.
I know this sounds idealist, but, They should make this patent free to all.