Source? My educated guess it’s somewhere between 10 to 100 times cheaper than that.
Interestingly, my own calculations lined up pretty well with this calculation, although they approached the problem from a different direction (a leak by Morgan Stanley about how many GPUs OpenAI used to train GPT-4 as well as an estimate of how long it was trained): https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1O99z9b1I5O66bT78r9S...
Sam Altman has also stated that GPT-4 cost more than $100 million to train, and replication can cost 2-4x less compute. https://www.wired.com/story/openai-ceo-sam-altman-the-age-of...
If you know of an organization that can replicate GPT-4 for $400k to $4m I would love to know so that I can invest in them.
1. We don't know what the number of parameters is, could be 175B, could be 250B, could be 400B. Ok, let's stick with 250B.
2. Training data: GPT-3 was trained on 300B tokens. It already used most of the high-quality data available on the internet, but let's say they somehow managed to find and prepare three times as much high quality data for GPT-4. This means GPT-4 was trained on about 1T tokens.
3. 5.4e+17 FLOPs/hour means 150TFlops, which is half of the BFLOAT16 max theoretical output, sounds reasonable.
4. $1/A100/hr is reasonable.
OK, so we need to divide your cost estimate by a factor of 15: Total cost to train GPT-4 comes out to be around $2.7M.
Regarding Altman's statement about "more than 100M to train GPT-4" - I'm pretty sure he was talking about the total cost to develop GPT-4, which includes a lot of experimentation and exploration, many training runs, and many other administrative costs which are not relevant to the cost of a single training run to reproduce the existing results. Just salaries alone: ~200 people worked on GPT-4 for let's say half a year, at $400k/year: 0.5 * 400k * 200 = $40M.
Actually:
https://www.wired.com/story/openai-ceo-sam-altman-the-age-of...
At the MIT event, Altman was asked if training GPT-4 cost $100 million; he replied, “It’s more than that.”
Granted, OP did say pre-training.
If we extrapolate that relation, you eventually reach a point where the biggest player can collect and process the most information and produce an ever-evolving model to maintain that relation.
Better hope it's creators have your best interests at heart.