> are worth avoiding so you don't get stuck with somebody else's framework.

Modal eng here. Modal is not setup as a framework. Think of more as Python-defined serverless infrastructure that has native support for the Python runtime. This is in some places called "Infrastructure from code", as opposed to "Infrastructure as code" which means just source-controlling K8s YAML and Cloudformation.

A major benefit of this approach is that the cloud becomes part of your dev loop, as opposed to doing `docker build`, `docker push`, `kubectl`, etc just to ship a change to a GPU.

In the script I posted Modal APIs are mixed in with standard Python code for brevity, but many customers just keep their code in their own modules and have a `modal_infra.py` module that defines the serverless infrastructure.