I would say that i have a good sense of time. IE guess the current time +-15 minutes at my worst guess. +-5 minutes if I'm processing it harder. If i had to distill my intuition into words it would be to be aware of the rhythm and rate of change that you are generally aware of.

Also as primitive and out there this might sound but look at the sun, take a mental note of where it's at in the sky, how your surroundings are lit by it, face north or south, look at your shadow, and look at a clock as a marker. Now looking at the clock might sound like a cheat but it's to build a mental relationship with where the sun is in the sky along with a unit of measure that's not jabbing a stick in the ground. (that's what looking at your shadow is for)

Probably took me a good amount of years to be good at guessing the time with on and off practice. Also by making it a game when someone asks you for the time, to just guess and then look at your phone to see how close you were. With daily practice you'll pick it up right away.

edit:

To add to more to this. Maybe playing with your perceptions in order to dilate your sense of time might be a route to explore.