Start with EXPLAIN ANALYZE then work from there. You can use tools where you paste the output of it and it shows you the data in a more easy to understand format.

I don't have any other good recommendations other than learning how to read and use EXPLAIN [1]. This should typically be the first tool when you have a slow query.

[1] https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html

An old classic but too many indices can be harmful too.

I would guess the most common pitfall is either not having indices or having the wrong kind of index for your query.