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OpenJDK's GCs do have elaborate mechanisms to support mutation, but if they're unused they impose no extra overhead.

I think you may be missing the point. What the JVM doesn't have is elaborate optimizations to support copies, e.g. a generational GC.

Hm? G1 is a generational GC? And so is Serial/Parallel. And work on generational ZGC is ongoing [1]. Not sure what you're referring to here.

[1]: https://openjdk.org/jeps/439

I was mistaken!

The JVM has a selection of four generational GCs. Two of them are the most sophisticated GCs available anywhere.

It's not a matter of some unique brilliance. Java is simply in such high demand that it has the sufficient resources to have state of the art optimising compilers and GCs.

Really? I had no idea. Can you suggest further reading?

https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/20/gctuning/available...

https://youtu.be/OhPGN2Av44E

https://youtu.be/bLJJ3CY1aE8

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