Mach 3.5 Over Libya in an SR-71 Blackbird
thesr71blackbird.com
thesr71blackbird.com
The Mach eases to 3.5 as we crest 80,000 feet... Screaming past Tripoli, our phenomenal speed continues to rise... I realize that I still have my left hand full-forward and we're continuing to rocket along in maximum afterburner... The TDI now shows us Mach numbers, not only new to our experience but flat out scary.
He mentions unusually cool temperatures allowing higher speeds than usual, and the aircraft is performing better than ever. So who knows. 3.6? Did a perfect set of circumstances, mixed with a rather urgent need to depart, take them closer to 3.7?It's truly incredible that the A12/SR-71 aircraft was designed without the benefit of modern computing. In Ben Rich's book "Skunk Works" I recall there a bit about a comment that somebody once made regarding Kelly Johnson, something like "That Swede can see air". Truly a compliment to Johnson's almost uncanny ability to design aircraft for a specification. The U2 was another example of such ability.
Are we sure that story about the Titanium coming from the USSR is accurate?
Not a metallurgist, but if I had to guess it was hard to find in large enough quantities at the time. I also understand that it's a lot harder to work with than say aluminum or steel
Speaking of which, King Louis served his guests with aluminum silverware, since at the time it was more valuable than gold due to the difficulty of extracting it at the time, despite its abundance.
https://www.amazon.com/Skunk-Works-Personal-Memoir-Lockheed/...
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/...
At the time, the USSR had already invested significant resources into making titanium for submarines. Buying titanium under false pretenses was easier than increasing the domestic industrial capacity for making titanium, particularly when the plane was not going to be produced in large numbers.
In the alpine climbing world Soviet climbers used titanium gear that was considered very good and light. Some of it was from scraps and spare material, but they had access to titanium.
The Sled leaked like a grad student's '69 VW bus in the hangar. Leak-free above > 1.5 Mach.
(edit to add link)
The jet stream is insanely fast at that altitude mixing the air, and at Mach 3 the surface weather changes in fractions of a minute.
There's a great sketch that Kelly Johnson did of the A12. This was in September of 1958(!) and he had a rough top speed of Mach 3.0, with a possibility of Mach 3.2. And it existed on nothing but a sheet of paper and in his mind. No computers with advanced software and super computers with petaflops of power.
https://www.thesr71blackbird.com/History/CIA/a-12-blackbird-...
He draws his cars on paper.
Granted, I'm sure someone digitizes his designs and runs them through a CFD suite, if for no other reason that wind tunnel time rule limited.
Still.
Sure concepts to try can be sketched out on paper. Things like wing arrangements, rough intuitive ideas about where the clean and dirty air is. But everything in F1 is an iterative loop between a lap time simulation, vehicle dynamics, and aerodynamics.
Vehicle performance is largely a trade off between Cornering dynamics (typically demanding more downforce) and straight light speed (typically demanding less drag) which is why different tracks have different setups.
Basically balanced between cornering sections and straight line sections to figure out the optimal balance of lift/drag and the dynamic behaviour of the rest of the car in response to those aero set up effects.
Which, is not that surprising. If you're good enough to have a draughtman digitize your designs for you, you're free to draw what you want on a five by four foot surface and not fiddle with a GUI and a 30?, 40? inch screen.
Overnight they print you the latest drawing on the plotter and you're back to you doing you. Id live to have a secretary print me my work and then digitize it in the evening.
What you're describing is not how engineering is done.
There's no overnight printing of the drawings.
The 3D CAD models are designed and available in real time, they are used in various CFD and FEA models. The only time drawings are printed out are dimensioned production drawings sent to manufacture the parts.
https://fractory.com/engineering-drawing-basics/
There are no digital draftsmen, it's sort of semantics but design engineers are working directly with parametric 3D models, they can produce 2D drawings from the models.
As a senior engineer Newey is likely reviewing Wind tunnel data, CAD designs of concepts, CFD/FEA Data, laptime sim results, and collaborating "over the shoulder" of less senior engineers responsible for specific aerodynamic packages, who then feed that info in collaboration with design engineers and surface modelers to update the CAD models.
And yet here's Newey drawing on a piece of paper. And he hardly looks like a young chap in the 80s.
Who knows, maybe this photo was for the cameras. Maybe he lies that he draws his cars to throw off the competition. But, for what it's worth he claims in interviews that he draws his cars in pencil.
https://www.racetechmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Scree...
One of the huge things that computers give us is the ability to simulate where the design limits actually are - you can "relatively" easily design a device that needs to do "at least X" but once you're done, you don't really know how far past X you can go - computer simulations can help discover where and what exactly fails.
(Some limits like boat "hull speed" are easier to find than others).
There's zero reason to design a kitchen to last 100 years if the average one will be remodeled in 7 and even the oldest won't go past 20.
But other things can be designed to last significantly longer, and be used way past their "original expected lifespan" - many of the buildings in Europe, for example, have lasted centuries.
That said, w.r.t old buildings, selection bias may play a significant role, perhaps bigger than intentions
One of the many tradeoffs in design is how much do you want to spend in preparing for anticipated future demands.
Striking example in my home town of Zagreb. Communist city planners at the time designed new neighbourhood with plenty of parking space because one day productivity advancements will give every family a car to own and they need to have a place to park it!
A few decades later you couldnt find a parking space anywhere because every family had two or three cars!
I think my entire engineering department and a bunch from the production floor (about 15-20 of us) went over to the airport to see the bird. Back then you could drive up to and park at the upper departure level. So there we are, waiting... Someone brought a portable scanner along and was listening to air traffic control, so we knew when it would pass over.
First thing we heard was the sonic boom as it passed over (I believe this flight set the west coast to east coast speed record.) After some interval of minutes we heard which direction it would be coming from. All other landing and take off traffic was suspended while the bird circled the airport. Then turned a made a low level (like about the height of the tower) really slow. We got a really good look at it. He hit the afterburners, and took off. I've never seen anything move that fast. It practically disappeared, like something out of a movie jumping into hyperspace. Absolutely incredible, no matter how much I read about the SR-71 and the program, I'm just in awe of the designers and engineers that made it happen.
It kinda looks, to my eyes at least, like it has a matte finish in photos, so my thinking would be that it would have perhaps an almost shark skin roughness or something? Though you'd imagine surely not given the bit of extra drag when factored over the whole airframe...maybe?
But then again, at those speeds I wonder if there would be a difference or if boundary layer effects take over or something of that nature.
Disclaimer: am obviously not an aerospace engineer :)
The SR-71 speed check story is another good read: https://www.thesr71blackbird.com/Aircraft/Stories/sr-71-blac...
> There were a lot of things we couldn't do in a Cessna 172, but we were some of the slowest guys on the block and loved reminding our fellow aviators of this fact. People often asked us if, because of this fact, it was fun to fly the 172. Fun would not be the first word I would use to describe flying this plane. Mundane, maybe. Even boring at times. But there was one day in our Cessna experience when we would have to say that it was pure fun to be some of the slowest guys out there, at least for a moment.
> It occurred when my CFI and I were flying a training flight. We needed 40 hours in the plane to complete my training and attain PPL status. Somewhere over Colorado we had passed the 40 hour mark. We had made the turn back towards our home airport in a radius of a mile or two and the plane was performing flawlessly. My gauges were wired in the left seat and we were starting to feel pretty good about ourselves, not only because I would soon be flying as a true pilot, but because we had gained a great deal of confidence in the plane in the past ten months. Bumbling across the mountains 3,500 feet below us, I could only see about 8 miles across the ground. I was, finally, after many humbling months of training and study, ahead of the plane.
> I was beginning to feel a bit sorry for my CFI in the right seat. There he was, with nothing to do except watch me and monitor two different radios. This wasn't really good practice for him at all. He'd been doing it for years. It had been difficult for me to relinquish control of the radios, as during my this part of my flying career, I could handle it on my own. But it was part of the division of duties on this flight and I had adjusted to it. I still insisted on talking on the radio while we were on the ground, however. My CFI was so good at many things, but he couldn't match my expertise at sounding awkward on the radios, a skill that had been roughly sharpened with years of listening to LiveATC.com where the slightest radio miscue was a daily occurrence. He understood that and allowed me that luxury.
> Just to get a sense of what my CFI had to contend with, I pulled the radio toggle switches and monitored the frequencies along with him. The predominant radio chatter was from Denver Center, not far below us, controlling daily traffic in our sector. While they had us on their scope (for a good while, I might add), we were in uncontrolled airspace and normally would not talk to them unless we needed to climb into their airspace. We listened as the shaky voice of a lone SR-71 pilot asked Center for a readout of his ground speed. Center replied: "Aspen 20, I show you at one thousand eight hundred and forty-two knots, across the ground." Now the thing to understand about Center controllers, was that whether they were talking to a rookie pilot in a Cessna, or to Air Force One, they always spoke in the exact same, calm, deep, professional, tone that made one feel important. I referred to it as the "Houston Center voice." I have always felt that after years of seeing documentaries on this country's space program and listening to the calm and distinct voice of the Houston controllers, that all other controllers since then wanted to sound like that, and that they basically did. And it didn't matter what sector of the country we would be flying in, it always seemed like the same guy was talking. Over the years that tone of voice had become somewhat of a comforting sound to pilots everywhere. Conversely, over the years, pilots always wanted to ensure that, when transmitting, they sounded like Chuck Yeager, or at least like John Wayne. Better to die than sound bad on the radios.
> Just moments after the SR-71's inquiry, an F-18 piped up on frequency, in a rather superior tone, asking for his ground speed. "Dusty 52, Center, we have you at 620 on the ground." Boy, I thought, the F-18 really must think he is dazzling his SR-71 brethren. Then out of the blue, a Twin Beech pilot out of an airport outside of Denver came up on frequency. You knew right away it was a Twin Beech driver because he sounded very cool on the radios. "Center, Beechcraft 173-Delta-Charlie ground speed check". Before Center could reply, I'm thinking to myself, hey, that Beech probably has a ground speed indicator in that multi-thousand-dollar cockpit, so why is he asking Center for a readout? Then I got it, ol' Delta-Charlie here is making sure that every military jock from Mount Whitney to the Mojave knows what true speed is. He's the slowest dude in the valley today, and he just wants everyone to know how much fun he is having in his new bug-smasher. And the reply, always with that same, calm, voice, with more distinct alliteration than emotion: "173-Delta-Charlie, Center, we have you at 90 knots on the ground." And I thought to myself, is this a ripe situation, or what? As my hand instinctively reached for the mic button, I had to remind myself that my CFI was in control of the radios. Still, I thought, it must be done - in mere hours we'll be out of the sector and the opportunity will be lost. That Beechcraft must die, and die now. I thought about all of my training and how important it was that we developed well as a crew and knew that to jump in on the radios now would destroy the integrity of all that we had worked toward becoming. I was torn.
> Somewhere, half a mile above Colorado, there was a pilot screaming inside his head. Then, I heard it. The click of the mic button from the right seat. That was the very moment that I knew my CFI and I had become lifelong friends. Very professionally, and with no emotion, my CFI spoke: "Denver Center, Cessna 56-November-Sierra, can you give us a ground speed check?" There was no hesitation, and the replay came as if was an everyday request. "Cessna 56-November-Sierra, I show you at 56 knots, across the ground."
> I think it was the six knots that I liked the best, so accurate and proud was Center to deliver that information without hesitation, and you just knew he was smiling. But the precise point at which I knew that my CFI and I were going to be really good friends for a long time was when he keyed the mic once again to say, in his most CFI-like voice: "Ah, Center, much thanks, we're showing closer to 52 on the money."
> For a moment my CFI was a god. And we finally heard a little crack in the armor of the Houston Center voice, when Denver came back with, "Roger that November-Sierra, your E6B is probably more accurate than our state-of-the-art radar. You boys have a good one." It all had lasted for just moments, but in that short, memorable stroll across the west, the Navy had been owned, all mortal airplanes on freq were forced to bow before the King of Slow, and more importantly, my CFI and I had crossed the threshold of being BFFs. A fine day's work. We never heard another transmission on that frequency all the way to our home airport.
> For just one day, it truly was fun being the slowest guys out there.
https://www.thesr71blackbird.com/Aircraft/Stories/sr-71-blac...
I bought a copy sometime in the 90s, found in the remaindered section of a bookstore, cheap.
Fast forward a decade or so, a couple of house moves, and I can't find the book. So I order a copy from Amazon, still available new at that time.
Another decade or so later, I find my first copy. Then I discover they're worth like $300+ each!
“The United States-initiated aerial bombing of targets inside the borders of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah which took place on April 15, 1986, was met with substantial and immediate criticism by the world community. The positive reaction from the U.S. congress and the American public was not shared by much of the world. Arab nations denounced the American action, as did the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In meetings of the UN Security Council, countries denouncing the raid outnumbered those which supported it.
Good article: “American Bombing of Libya: An International Legal Analysis” (1987)
https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?ar...
They're still overflying Afghanistan and who knows where else.
https://news.antiwar.com/2023/03/25/us-carries-out-airstrike...
I mean, could you say why us troops are in Syrian oil fields stealing oil?
“End America’s Illegal Occupation of Syria Now: Our presence there is a violation of domestic and international law that’s made a horrible civil war even worse.”
https://www.cato.org/commentary/end-americas-illegal-occupat...
See? Strawmaning an argument is very easy to do, I can do it too!
Que?
I guess it could just be a return back to the mean from the absolutely, unashamed military imperialism of the 1980s- early 2010s.
>The entire world is truly their own backyard!
Yes..? If you are a state actor like Libya and you attack other nations civilians to cause terror then they have the right to attack you back. The US bombing Gaddafi's compounds and some other military targets in Libya was 100% justified. To act like a country can't retaliate in such a situation is honestly childish.
If you think that some shady arm of US intelligence isn't capable of such a heinous false flag operation, I urge you to read more history. Now I'm not saying it was one, I'm saying we have no idea who was behind it.
Again this isn't a TV show. No country needs permission to react to an attack against them by another state like Libya.
I totally trust US three letter organisations, and cannot see what could possibly go wrong as they have never shown signs of incompetence and malice in the past.
The fact that the stasi thought it was the Libyans could very well mean that it was a very successful false flag operation. This is the problem with the intelligence apparatus. It is war against the truth.
Are you being serious? By this time in history Libya had already established a history for terror attacks and targeting civilians. So yeah I wouldn't have any issue believing it.
Just like when the UK blamed Russia for poising people Salisbury with chemical weapons. I believed them because they had intelligence about it & Russia has a history with this type of attack. Just like Libya already had a proven history of terror attacks in the 80s.
It is beyond silly to think a false flag bombing (injuring 250+ friendly nationals) is more likely than LIBYA, a know rouge state and user of terrorism, bombing a civilian dance club.
You and others are more than happy to bury your heads in the sand and pretend like the world is a TV show where countries post all their intelligence to twitter or in the paper lol.
It's especially convenient that the US did not wait for the results of any investigation before launching an attack. This is just pure american chauvinism, where the US can do no wrong as long as we just believe that their intelligence agencies are always right. I guess it works for americans but to the rest of the world, it just doesn't cut it.
And yes, the US is a democracy and russia/china aren't. But that doesn't seem to have made the US any more trust worthy when it comes to not being prone to baseless war mongering. And the US population seem to be pretty excited to vote over and over again for (or at least, it used to be) war hawks or even outright war criminals. Bush was re-elected in 2004 after outright lying about an incredibly destructive war, so it seems like democracy isn't an argument for trusting the US more on these matters. I guess Americans and westerners in general (mostly) don't live with the consequences of those wars so it's very easy to handwave demands of actual proof by saying that life isn't a movie, or that it was all done with good faith(tm).
But for muslims and the MENA region in general, those arguments just don't resonate well with us at all.
Plus, as the other comment says there has been no proof that libya was involved. Going by a "hunch" or "secret info from our intelligence agencies" isn't evidence either. You should probably read up on the events, it was super controversial at the time so claiming it was just a cut and dry self-defense move from the US is laughable.
"oh yeah well what abou.."
With all due respect, stop.
A government that was back then almost frothing at the mouth at any occasion to blame everything on the libyans, to a comical degree. Which was well known, and also the reason why most european countries did not agree with the intervention that we are discussing
> My first encounter with the SR-71 came when I was 10 years old in the form of molded black plastic in a Revell kit.
> Twenty-nine years later, I stood awe-struck in a Beale Air Force Base hangar, staring at the very real SR-71 before me.
> In 1962, the first Blackbird successfully flew, and in 1966, the same year I graduated from high school, the Air Force began flying operational SR-71 missions.
> I came to the program in 1983
So the author was born in 1944 if they were 39 (29+ 10) in 1983.
1966 then puts them graduating at 22 (was high school longer back then? I wouldn’t have thought so and he’s supposed to have a stellar record and 22 feels a little old for joining the military) and playing with the SR-71 model in 1952 before it was even conceived in 1960.
What am I missing?
The author says the motivating incident was the U2 shoot down in 1960 which was the motivating incident for the engineer to start designing it. How would the author be playing with it then?
Misdirect about the kid part to enhance the story? Maybe they had the kit later in life and retrofitted it into a “destiny” theme?
I built an SR-71 kit as a kid. But I was born in 1977. I wish I still had it. I put a ton of work into it.
The model manufacturers did scoop the reveals at some points, but they were never that accurate. I had an "F-19 Stealth Fighter" kit I built as well. It had significant differences from the F-117 when that became public.
When I launched it (vertically of course), the plane seemed to hover forever on the launchpad before finally overcoming gravity and taking off. It did not achieve Mach 3.5 or anything significant for a rocket of its size. When it reached the ejection stage, it popped off the front cabin "nosecone", looking very ungainly as it fluttered to the ground on a parachute.
I still have that model somewhere downstairs.
[0] https://www.rocketreviews.com/estes-industries-sr-71-blackbi...
If you watched Top Gun: Maverick since it came out they (spoiler) had him flying a prototype plane called the Darkstar to hit Mach 10 in order to maintain a military contract. During the flight, he switches engines to SCRAM Jet once he reaches Mach 3.5 because in order for those types of engines to have enough air intake to function, you already have to be traveling at that speed.
This was such an innovation that China redirected a satellite to find the plane because they thought it was real.
If you've never read Skunk Works by Ben Rich, I highly recommend it. Lots of SR-71 stories along with U-2, F-117 too.
I can only assume that China publish their targeting on some Twitter account? What ludicrous statement.
It’s trivial to observe flyover changes, but it’s ludicrous to suggest that this action alone meant they were looking for a specific aircraft.
It is very possible that for a short period of time, they sustained over mach 3.5 or 3.6, what affect that would have/had on the airframe and engines is unknown.
An interesting story is that once, during the cold war, a Mig-25 was supposedly tracked over Israel at over Mach 3.2 in what is best described as "GTFO" mode. It basically was an attempt to do what the US was doing with the SR-71s. At that speed, the engines are assumed to have been scraped after each flight.
One could make assumptions that the ram-jet elements of an SR-71's J-58s could allow for a few minutes, in the right airframe, with a lucky bin of build quality and weather, far beyond that.
I would also note that this story buries the lede. The title states mach 3.5 but the pilot implies numbers beyond. I'm not sure how factual it is or if it is dramatized, but the pilot absolutely is who they say they are and wrote a book about it.
I would expect the SR-71 to stay at speed longer and for the engines to be capable of higher power (assuming the airframe and intake can handle it). US engines were generally higher quality, while Soviet engines were expected to be replaced very quickly relatively. However, this was a conscious decision on the part of the USSR: instead of making expensive engines with good maintainability in the field, they chose to make cheap engines that were easy to replace. As a result, while a MiG-25 may have only been able to maintain Mach 3 for a few minutes and ruin the engine in the process, they built 1,186 of them, with probably >5,000 Mach 3 capable engines.
Not particularly relevant, but always interesting to discuss how different people think
Here the Blackbird is mostly known för its beautiful although melancholic song. And it is also the national bird of Sweden.
The SR-71 began as the YF-12, and was originally supposed to be RS-71 (Reconnaissance/Surveillance), but somebody thought SR sounded better.
The YF prefix on the original aircraft is often referred to as "Yankee Fire", a caveat that is still in use.
"skunk works" is a great read. i'm almost done with "area 51" by annie jacobsen and it's quite the interesting read as well, though it does get dry at times. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15839422W/Area_51
http://www.enginehistory.org/Convention/2014/SR-71Inlts/SR-7....
Does anyone remember that satellite photo Trump leaked of that iranian missile silo?
https://www.npr.org/2019/08/30/755994591/president-trump-twe...
This one ^
I'm just guessing that if they showed it to Trump unprompted in a briefing, it's unlikely that this is max zoom. And it's already crazy clear.
And the article mentions:
"Hanham also says that the European company Airbus has been experimenting with drones that fly so high, they are technically outside the atmosphere and thus operating outside national boundaries. But she says she doesn't know whether the U.S. has such a system."
So I think we just got a bit better at radar deflection and flying really high to where the Blackbird doesn't make sense anymore.
"This one cool trick makes spy agencies hate him"
Yes. But I truly believe we lost something with the dependence on computers for everything.
Most likely because of cost and missile technology catching up. After all, the U2 is still in active service, so the satellites aren't a perfect replacement.
Truly amazing.
Wouldn't this be a major hazard on the ground?
Uh health risks... shrug. The pilot is wearing most of a space suit. Who knows whats up with the ground crew though.
Stealth banana. Smart fruit!