Laws and regulation can do exactly that. We could even use AI to write the legislation to outlaw itself.
Otherwise it’s a prisoner’s dilemma and countries that defect get all of the benefits and all of the risk, and countries that cooperate still get all of the risk, just none of the benefits.
The International Criminal Court is one real-world example. The United States (to its shame, IMO) is not part of the ICC, yet most countries are and the institution is valuable despite not having 100% buy-in around the globe.
Also the Prisoner's Dilemma over multiple rounds teaches different lessons than when it's a one-off situation.