On your question: how do we do it? We also have memorized the basics and apply a heuristic to do something more complicated, if necessary by analogy. Which is what GPT seems to be good at.
All the emergent properties of chatgpt being so good, is that it is very good at predicting word sequences that, when evaluated by a human, sound like it is doing all sorts of higher level logic.
>The sum of 2.87863853 and 2.345435345 is 5.224073875.
I can't find either of those sequences on the web, but it seems to able to add them together so it seems to have some logic ability, or they check for math terms and do math on it.
> 19999999999999 + 100000001 > The sum of 19999999999999 and 100000001 is 20000000000000.
Which is incorrect. I guess it just returns the most likely result.