Probably. You still need to store and serve the data somewhere of course but for even moderately successful open source organizations they will likely find volunteer mirrors. The nice thing about IPFS is that new people can start mirroring content without any risk or involvement, new mirrors are auto-discovered, like bittorrent.
It seems like the docker registry format isn't completely static so I don't think you can just use a regular HTTP gateway to access but there is https://github.com/ipdr/ipdr which seems to be a docker registry built on IPFS.
> We'd still need a registry for mapping the image name to CID, along with users/teams/etc.
IPNS is fairly good for this. You can use a signing key to get a stable ID for your images or if you want a short memorable URL you can publish a DNS record and get /ipns/docker.you.example/.
Of course now you have pushed responsibility of access control to your DNS or by who has access to the signing key.