They are more jeapordy style than a linear competition.
I vaguely remember a company putting on an infrastructure style one, maybe it was StripeCTF.
There was also an infrastructure focused leetcode style project that made it to hacker news, but I can't remember the name.
The ACM programming contest sounds like the most directly applicable thing I can think of, but IIRC teams normally distribute problems to their members rather than it being graduated unlocking.
A few companies have also put these style competitions on for students, but those are private and done by very motivated employees of those companies.
Consider also the Advent of Code[2], especially relevant is day 2 of last year, involving rock, paper, scissors[2a]