>They don't consume any US government services either
These sorts of arguments always bother me because they over simplify the complexities of how one benefits from a public good or service. One example would be that Google doesn't have to worry about their engineers getting into a car crash on the way to work because the governments (federal and state) collectively spend billions of dollars ensuring that our roadways are safe for vehicles.
Another example would be that google doesn't have to spend money hiring private militaries or police forces to enforce their contracts because we have a judicial system that is paid for by the tax payers. This particular example is where your "consumption" argument falls down rather directly. Although it's true that they hire their own counsel, they are not the ones paying the salaries of all the various court officials. They "consume" these resources but in many peoples minds, myself included, do not pay their fair share.
>Similarly, my employees (all located here in India) don't pay any US income taxes. Is there some reason they should?
Of course not. The company that you set up and domiciled in America pays income taxes on the profit that you generate. Profit is usually defined as revenue minus expenses. Taxes paid in other countries are considered expenses and as such are accounted for.
>The loss carryforward is a necessary hack to the system to prevent taxation from penalizing businesses with volatile income streams.
Although we can both agree that GE's tax situation is very complex the problems that I and others have is that they directly lobby the government to get these tax incentives. The example I am thinking of is their lobbying arm advocating for an increased depreciation schedule on some of their capital equipment. This isn't fair.
The summary of my problem with your argument is that you benefit from all the things that America provides (government services, easy access to higher education, educated working class, pro-business climate, etc) but don't think that you should have to pay for any of this because "you didn't consume it." Just by living in America and being able to take advantage of these things you have consumed these things and you should have to pay your fair share. Consumption doesn't necessarily mean somebody handing you a check or waiting in a welfare line.