I left South Africa as a young teen during the collapse of Apartheid. We had a black maid / nanny who lived on our property in housing my parents provided for years. She did a lot of the work raising us as my parents were always at work. She had a daughter a couple years older than me. Years later my mom wrote her a letter to see how she was doing. She was completely destitute begging for money. Her daughter has multiple kids and was hiv positive. Really rough.
I really don't know what the right approach would have been. It's easy to be an armchair quarterback.
Pretty much everything on GPs list was a problem during apartheid era as well, or caused by it.
(Definitely agree with your first paragraph)
[1] https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13167/w131...