The sheer number of scare quotes in this essay makes it very uncomfortable to read, and in the end, I don't think it says anything substantial about the concept of numbers. Even if you distill out the usual finite automata fillers
The gist of it is pretty interesting to me: "things" only exist because we, as humans, observe the universe in a sequential manner through instants of time. If a collection of atoms stay the same through a few of those instants we consider that to have permanence, and be a distinct object or thing. By observing distinct things we can then count them, but that would be impossible if not for our experience of time.
It is indeed unclear if that is how every being would necessarily observe the universe.
Vocabulary is defined by your environment, which will include concepts like numbers.
Look at Hungarian notation and decimal or imperial counting schemes. Different methods of counting numbers to suit the environment they evolved from.
Really? In common use: snow, sleet, hail, flurry, frost, hoar, ice, rime, (snow)drift, powder, slush. Less commonly: firn, neve, sastrugi, suncups, ...
But another concept which an AI or aliens may not be familiar with is the concept of time and the way it is visualised.
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221103-how-language-war...