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If you're using dbt, dbt tests are a good start: https://docs.getdbt.com/docs/build/tests

You can hook up dbt tests to your CI and Git(hub|lab) for data PRs.

Depending on your needs, you can also look into data observability tools such as Datafold (paid) or re_data (free)

I'm surprised dbt tests is this far down in the comments. This seems like the obvious place to start.

OP (or others) - If you've used dbt tests, I'm curious where it fell short? Tt doesn't cover everything, but it's pretty good in my experience.

And if you want/need to take it further, I love this package: https://github.com/calogica/dbt-expectations