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I wrote a review article summarising studies about emissions during 3D printing: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119501 (Should be open-access soon)

Basically you can say: - Small particles and gaseous (Volatile organic compound - VOCs) are emitted during 3D printing - these emissions can be harmful if inhaled - higher temperature results in higher emission - ABS probably more harmful than PLA

--> recommendation: - print in separated, ventilated room

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What impact does an enclosure with a filter have on the emission of particles and VOCs?

Emissions will go down, no? Also depends on the filter somewhat, I guess. But from how I understand it, the emissions aren't that high to begin with. Of course breathing in metal nano-particles from filaments with additives doesn't sound that healthy...

I think it would go down, but by how much? And is it significant enough to remove the requirement to vent outside?

Covers/enclosures seem useful to capture the emissions. Some studies saw reduction of around 90%.

This study tested different control methods, including an enclosure. The enclosure with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter had the highest removal effectiveness (99.95%) of nanoparticles.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.7b01454

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