Citizen scientists report global rapid reductions in the visibility of stars
science.org
science.org
Do yourself a favor, try to visit a really dark place, ideally with binoculars and a sky map and you’ll feel again connected with the Cosmos.
Here is a very good map to find a dark place: https://www.lightpollutionmap.info
Some extra info on the Bortle Scale: https://astrobackyard.com/the-bortle-scale/
It's not just about the brightness of the stars, the sky literally looks 3d, which I didn't expect
Be careful thought, since some people might get overwhelmed by this feeling of realizing your place in the universe. If I remember correctly there are a couple of related phobias, Astrophobia (fear of space) and Apeirophobia (fear of infinity).
Something like the Total Perspective Vortex: https://hitchhikers.fandom.com/wiki/Total_Perspective_Vortex
I find it comforting, but one family member was throughly freaked out/overwhelmed. It was a clear, moonless night and they’d never seen something like it in their entire life.
A good, permanent phobia.
https://timeline.com/los-angeles-light-pollution-ebd60d5acd4...
I recently moved from the western US to the east. The public/opens lands are what I miss the most. I don't think many people out east even realize what public land is, how much there is, and how great it is. But this map really displays it.
Side note: What's up with Alberta? Same with northwestern North Dakota? I'm guess this is mining and/or oil operations?
there sure aren't many people there.
are they just burning oil or natural gas straight off the well?
You can have that as desktop background, with dynamically moving night/day terminator, and optionally real clouds and storm systems overimposed, btw :-)
With programs like https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xplanet , but others too.
It’s Bortle 4 where I live and it drops down to 3 just 20 minutes down the road. One of the best perks of living here.
Time is ripe to invest in a good telescope, I think :)
The 130p gives approximately 3.5x the light your eye normally sees and it’s quite portable. It has been a great intro to astronomy for me.
In fact it’s probably the single best thing about where I live and it’s an extremely rare privilege to have in North America.
I really need to take advantage of it and get a good camera/telescope.
so it all comes down to realistic expectation levels what can be seen. you don't want to spend the money and then be disappointed and get turned off to the experience as underwhelming.
one thing to remember when buying gear is to only go as big as you can carry/assemble by yourself. getting something that requires 2 people to lift/carry means you can't use it unless you can convince someone to go along with you, we let's face it, it's definitely a hobby that leans towards the soloist. for someone like you that can do it from home without having to travel every. single. time. might be a bit less of an issue. just general advice for others that might come along
the only regret i have in buying my gear is that i'm at least 4 hours to a class 2 site, and i no longer have a car of any type let alone one that fits all of my gear plus camping equipment.
This was depressing...I live in central Germany and 4 is the best I can get.
Holland looks terrible. I guess it's because of the lack of hills/mountains.
(I don't think I need to attribute this to this readership, but in case I do, it's by Emerson. And if you didn't know that, I strongly recommend googling Nightfall.)
https://eu.sj-r.com/story/news/2010/11/24/looking-up-stars-o...
But Asimov did write the short story inspired by the quote.
although great for seeing the sky, what happens on the African continent in terms of development is crazy and sad.
I grew up in Florida and was many times 100 miles off shore at night. I was never astounded by the night sky until I drove through the middle-of-nowhere in Oregon as an adult.
I'd tell you to come up to norther Marin-- the prohibition on billboards here makes the night sky much darker than over the rest of the bay area. But it's gotten a lot brighter in just the last couple years--- the transition to LED outdoor lighting seems to be doing a tremendous harm.
Two years ago the milky way was naked eye visible at my home on good nights. It doesn't appear to be anymore.
You can still see the orion nebula and its blue h-beta glow with just some binoculars though.
Looking at the map, it was class 1 (artif brightness 0.067)
and here is where they get there dataset: https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/contact/showshort.php?id...
Thank you btw. Informative post.
Obvious caveat: bring light with you, enough to comfortably see at least 10m ahead when you're walking.
Just as many of us are not used to dark skies anymore, we also seriously underestimate how dark it is in places with no habitations/street light and the moon is not out. I sometimes found myself in forests with almost no visibility if I cut my torchlight.
but for bog's sake get a red filter so you don't screw up your night vision!
Just checked I'm also a couple of hours away from 2-3 places. Canada is really vast with forests, lakes and tundras where no one lives in.
The good part? You can see ALL the Milky Way for a couple nights.
Unfortunately I live in a class 8-9 (5190µcd/m2) location right now, but recently I have been to a class 2 (6.41µcd/m2) location and in moonless nights the sky was indeed fantastic and incredibly immersive.
I have plans to move to the latter country in a few years time (for many reasons, but low population density and a lot of breathtaking nature/wilderness being among the top reasons).
Definitely something I was not acutely aware of before, and I hugely enjoyed being able to look up and see them again.
My wife grew up in an 8/9. We drove out west onetime and she had never seen the stars so visible. I can’t imagine growing up not seeing stars, but my children are about to do just that.
So why do I? It is not just to see more from my telescope. It is because this is part of a very broad problem. The problem? That humans on this planet have not even considered how we can live in a state of stasis with this planet. Weather catastrophes, insect decline, crop failures to pollination problems, shortages of seafood: these are all symptoms of the root problem, and light pollution is just one more symptom.
You'd need to convince the governments to do something about it, but that's a large task given there's a lack of money for lobbying and a lack of profits to encourage them to do anything about it.
Maybe they're just prioritizing where they spend their energy. And maybe they're right.
Of course, global warming can also cause civilization to collapse.
You people care so much about light pollution, the environment and the future of humanity so much. Oh how grand and amazing of a person you must be.
Have you considered that many if not most humans endure enough suffering to not give a shit about humanity being destroyed you along with it? You care so much about the planet but the planet will be fine, it is humanity that is screwed.
So why should individuals that live their entire lives in suffering because of the very conditions humanity as a collective has encouraged and enacted give a shit about humanity?
You all know what is right like everyone else and you made your choice on what to be concerned about. So enjoy the fruits of your labour like everyone else!
Because if they don't, they're descendents will suffer even more.
I mean, really what you're asking is "why should people care about others?", which feels like a whole branch of philosophy.
Many have been misled and deceived and densensitized and cheated and de-liberated. Yet they will still help each other, and even complete strangers, with nothing visible to gain. Giving a shit makes a difference. That's how I really feel.
There is some suffering in the world right now. And it’s bad in places, there is no question. I don’t know exactly what suffering you’re thinking of or referring to, but if it were true that most people didn’t care at all about humanity being destroyed, then most people wouldn’t even be alive. The thing about humans is that we’re hard-wired to want to live, and because of that we have hope even when suffering is high.
One thing to perhaps consider is that those of us lucky enough to not live in suffering have the opportunity to help others and to reduce suffering. It is going to take some people caring about humanity, and caring about the planet, in order to improve on the very situation you’re talking about. Parent was pretty clear we’re talking about a symptom of a larger problem, and I guess if we were all face to face philosophizing over beers, you might even agree they were talking in large part about the same problem you’re talking about - us not taking care of each other. If nobody cared about this, then how is it going to get any better?? What can you and I do to make it better?
BTW, are you saying you don’t believe that deforestation, rising temperatures, and extreme weather caused by climate change is having any effect on human suffering? You seem to be making some unstated assumptions when you suggest that caring about the planet isn’t “real”.
You also seem to assume that we can’t work on more than one problem at a time. To me it seems like there are enough people that we might have the ability to address environmental issues in parallel with social, financial, and political issues. Does everyone need to care about the planet? Maybe not. So what’s wrong with some people working to reduce global warming while others work to, say, end the war in Ukraine, or reduce poverty in China, or end death by hunger or Malaria in Africa?
Again, missing the point. You are thinking in ideals and big pictures, missing the forest for the trees.
> BTW, are you saying you don’t believe that deforestation, rising temperatures, and extreme weather caused by climate change is having any effect on human suffering? You seem to be making some unstated assumptions when you suggest that caring about the planet isn’t “real”.
Now how could you have possible come to that conclusion based on anything I said. Let me use this to try and explain again: Do you want someone in rural arkansas to give a shit about global warming? Then find a way to help them get out of poverty. Do you want amazon tribal people getting evicted for deforestation to care about ukraine? Help them fight to keep their land and forest. Yoh want a black person in inner city LA to care about ukraine? You specifically must show them how you are helping fight homelessness and police brutality, Your big picture pleas for people to give a shit fall on deaf or apathetic ears because you are not addressing specific individual or group needs.
> You also seem to assume that we can’t work on more than one problem at a time.
Actually, I am saying the opposite of that. Most people do want things for everyone as a whole to improve. That isn't the same as giving a shit, as in voting, donating and acting to improve others' situation. That's why global warming isn't front and center in politics in most places that aren't wealthy. You see people like Greta portesting climate change, from nice northern european countries or wealthy counties in the US. If you want change, other people have to actively care.
Look at global warming again, yeah, it would be nice if that didn't happen. Personally, I don't even bother to vote because I have no problems that will solve. It's not that I don't care about global warming but that much more immediate and bigger things are not getting attention so I am not gonna give a shit because I have my own plate full on too of which I see a myriad of more immediate problems like chold sex slavery and human abuse right here in major US cities rampant, rape kits going back decades backlogged, deeply corrupt police I mean I fear going outdoors in the event I interact with a police officer and have my life ruined, and you have our country (US) headed for a civil so there is always that and much more. So yeah, I already survive major natural disasters and pandemics fine, being alive 10-20 years from now is a crazy idea for me, I hope you all make it ok but global warming then is more of a concern than an asteriod hitting earth or the sun dying in 20 million years nowhere near a million other things.
The solution from you: actually adjust your priority to give a shit about more immediate and impactful things for others near you, whoever they might be and since you are doing something for them they will care.
For me, my problems are my own I don't ask help from anyone but as far as others go: bring back cruel and public punishments for indisputably proven child abusers andn traffickers, let the goal of punishment be prevention where the very tought of the crime becomes unimaginable. No more hiding behind "it's not humane", these people chose to forfeit their humanity and humane treatment. Can't stomach that, then as much as it is one of my top things I care about let us all give up our privacy and have our digital and physical lives constantly monitored to prevent this. This must end now, at all costs. There is nothing more important that protecting the most innocent membersof society. A society that draws a line at preventing their abuse, especially at such a large scale deserves to be destroyed. Tell me you will help with that and I will do anything I can to help you with whatever priority you think is higher.
I hope I am explaining myself better. For a long time I used to arrogantly think that my problems were special. That even the very idea of a future decades from now seems imaginary at best. What I learned is how many if not most people are doing worse than me and any problem I have, 10s of millions have them also. I too would want climate change prevented or less light pollution and less bees dying off and all that but understand that others have a wildly different perspective than you resulting in a different priority for them. Your concerns are valid, however they are yours. Many of us are not in a position where the future of humanity is a big priority. Even just being alive now making it this far is a miracle and beyond that I am not sure humanity even deserves to survive, if justice for the most innocent and peace for anyone that seeks truth earnestly and loves justice are not the biggest priority for this species then why should humanity even survive (self included of course)? Not only is destruction certain, by collective priority we have earned it by any measure of justice.
I was told they were specifically designed to be easy to filter out by the telescopes on Mauna Kea, and used all over the island.
On a related note, can totally recommend visiting Manua Kea if you're in the neighborhood. We watched the sunset from the top of Mauna Kea and it was quite something.
San Diego used to have many of these, apparently because of Palomar. There are a variety of arguments about safety and especially perception of safety that often leads to them being replaced with brighter, non-monochromatic lamps, though, depending on the political clout the telescopes have in the area.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp#Light_pollut...
But astronomy can cope with light polution-- so long as it's relatively constant it can be calibrated out (leaving only its shot noise).
The human eye can't, but most people don't know what's been taken from them.
When I started observing 25 years ago, galaxies and nebulae were viable targets from my back garden, now I'm limited to solar system objects unless I load up my gear and drive a hour to my closest dark site.
That indescribable feeling disappears with light pollution. It can be a street light nearby or an industrial estate hundreds of kilometers away.
Nowadays one needs to go into extremes to experience such conditions.
Travel suggestion: Anywhere far from city lights where clear weather can be expected. The week of a predicted meteor shower might be ideal.
How is that working so far?
Mass incarceration doesn’t seem to be working well so far. Maybe it would be time to stop treating the symptoms and try a different approach?
Property crimes are definitely under-policed.
https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_offen...
For state prisons, where the majority of criminals are incarcerated, 62% of prisoners are there for violent crimes.
https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2021-stat...
Of course not, the lack of policing isn't because police abruptly became lazy, it's because of intense public pressure on cities to reduce the amount of policing. Since 2014, municipalities have been desperately trying to avoid becoming the next Ferguson by pressuring their officers to minimize discretionary policing (and the incumbent potential for "bad optics"). Many municipalities have passed laws which restrict police (e.g., "no pursuit" laws), some have made the job so unpleasant that their police departments have massive attrition (e.g., Chicago), and some others have passed formal policies to reduce the amount of police/policing (e.g., Minneapolis). Some cities elected soft-on-crime prosecutors who release or minimally-sentence anyone the police apprehend, further eroding the incentive of officers to make arrests.
It's not like police need to be punished for not policing, we just need to take away the negative incentives for policing. Of course, police accountability remains an issue, but the answer isn't a naive, blanket reduction in policing (instead, repeal qualified immunity, weaken police unions, raise the bar for qualification, mandate mental health evals, etc).
If you look at the US compared to itself over time, increased policing and encarceration (such as during the 90's) does in fact lead to lower crime. The relative absence of policing and prosecution since 2020 have resulted in a sharp increase in crime.
I'm certainly open to the idea that sentences should be shorter, but I think that would need to come with a corresponding increase in the number of police - and in their willingness to enforce laws. This would be under the theory that increasing the odds that you will be punished is more of a deterrent than increasing the severity of the punishment.
This has been going on since ~2014, and you're absolutely spot-on that it absolutely correlates with reductions in the amount of policing. Roland Fryer (famed Harvard economist) and Tanaya Devi wrote a paper about this a couple years ago (but many other papers have similar findings): https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27324/w273...
Further, virtually no one in American politics is arguing that incarceration is sufficient, but rather the debate is about whether or not it is necessary or if we can (for example) replace police with social workers and call it a day.
No, they're not incarcerating the right people.
They're incarcerating some financial idiots like SBF and Holmes and some weed users who don't threaten my physical safety at all and I frankly don't give a damn about, while the people running around punching Asian grandmothers in SF and smashing local Asian businesses are running free.
SBF didn't cause me to lose money. He isn't even remotely on my radar. You know who did? The fucker who broke into my car last year and stole $5000 worth of stuff. What's that guy doing? Roaming the streets breaking and smashing more cars, probably, considering the police dropped the case.
Imagine how much better US cities would be if the white collars that pushed oxicontin and fentanyls by corrupting doctors, officials and insurance companies had been more scared of consequences. But no, most of them still roam free.
That is some peak HN right there. Prisons are too full of bankers, amirite?
Also, people generally do crime because of lack of opportunity or options, which is why many countries treat the criminal justice system as an opportunity to rehabilitate people.
We have one of the most punitive criminal justice systems in the world and the highest incarceration rate of any country. Imagine if we were able to spend all that money on helping to lift struggling people, instead of punishing them.
They'd be productive, contributing members of society, instead of a huge drain on society. Keeping people in prison is very expensive.
I agree with rehabilitation, but I personally would like to be alive tomorrow, which is why I do not choose to live in Oakland.
> Imagine if we were able to spend all that money on helping to lift struggling people, instead of punishing them.
These two can happen at the same time. It's less about punishment, and more about making everyone else feel safe. If they want to create a "city of crooks" in the middle of Nevada that isn't a punishment but a rehabilitation center I'm all up for that.
https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/what-caused-the-2020-h...
If the US rids itself of petty drug convictions the incarceration rate wouldn't be so high.
This is a generic argument against progress. Imagine if we shrugged off vaccines because "the pathogen-derived death rate is trending down over the last 200 years" or if we rebutted #metoo with "a friendly reminder that women's rights are trending up over the last 100 years". Just because something was worse 50 years ago doesn't mean we should content ourselves with a worsening trend now.
> Also, people generally do crime because of lack of opportunity or options, which is why many countries treat the criminal justice system as an opportunity to rehabilitate people.
If the premise were true, crime should have gone down in the face of the red-hot labor market we had been experiencing over the last few years. Even still, if you can find a way to reliably rehabilitate violent offenders, I doubt you'd face any serious objection. In the meanwhile though, the soft-on-crime approach to violent crime (both with respect to reducing the amount of discretionary policing and catch-and-release approach to prosecution) appears to be (predictably) devastating communities and (predictably) further perpetuating the cycle of violent crime.
The rising-tide "red-hot labor market" didn't lift all boats, the pandemic severely impacted service industry workers, inflation / cost of living impacts low income people far more than anyone else, wealth consolidated at an extremely accelerated pace during the pandemic...
> Even still, if you can find a way to reliably rehabilitate violent offenders, I doubt you'd face any serious objection.
Which part of "the US has the highest incarceration rate in the world" did you not understand?
The nordic countries are particularly successful at this.
Turns out that universal healthcare (including proper mental health services), social safety support systems, and a detention systems working to help people before putting them back into society, work better than just shoving people into a concrete cube and tossing them out on the street into a society heavily stacked against them with a parole officer breathing down their neck. Gee, I wonder why they return to crime here?
Suggesting that "the US has the highest incarceration rate in the world" implies that some significant number of Americans would reject rehabilitation demonstrates a complete and obvious failure to reason, and personally I find it weird that you would broadcast that publicly but carry on...
> Turns out that universal healthcare (including proper mental health services), social safety support systems, and a detention systems working to help people before putting them back into society, work better than just shoving people into a concrete cube and tossing them out on the street into a society heavily stacked against them with a parole officer breathing down their neck. Gee, I wonder why they return to crime here?
Right, and like most Americans, I agree with those things, the difference is that I don't believe we should throw our most vulnerable communities to the wolves by sharply reducing policing without first establishing those other crime-deterring alternatives. I don't think it's sufficient to say "we'll definitely address the root causes one day in the future, so it's totally fine to reduce policing now". And indeed, that's what was demanded: BLM was an anti-policing movement first and foremost and "defund the police" and "abolish the police" were not euphemisms for "establish a stronger social safety net before reducing policing".
When a property, building, etc is dark - someone up to no good has to use light to see what they're doing, and that stands out much, much more.
You probably wouldn't notice someone at the front door of a business as you drove by at night if it's well lit, but if it were unlit , you'd probably immediately notice a flashlight.
There's a reason behind the "must be a full moon" saying. People up to no good back before outdoor lighting was a thing would use moonlight to be able to see what they were doing.
Erm, no. If you trained a bit, and it is not pitch black (which it never is, in the cities) you can move and act very well without light. Also there is nightvision, which got quite cheap.
What works well and is a good compromise to protect from thieves and co. is light activated by motion detectors.
The above comments’ point is literally that places are overly lit due to surrounding always on lights. The aforementioned properties and buildings with excessive lights are part of what make cities so bright.
In 1 week my catalytic converter was stolen. A week later the light was fixed (big job, corrosion spread in the wires).
Never had an issue before nor since. Lights matter a lot.
[0] And hopefully they don't require an internet connection and send all video to a central location.
Someone came to my house after dark. I'm pretty sure they were lost. I watched the replay on my cameras and I can confirm that the light clicking on made them jump (not that it would make everyone jump, but still).
But also all lights are not equal. All lights are not equal for safety and all lights are not equal for light pollution.
Light pollution could be vastly reduced without diminishing needed lighting if the light temperature is warmer and if proper fixtures ensure the light is directed only where needed instead of half of it going directly at my bedroom window like my last couple apartments have done, among other undesired locations.
They are fine as long as they are pointed down and not up or sideways (which creates glare):
* https://www.zgsm-china.com/blog/light-distribution-of-outdoo...
https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9x2dz/iama_retired_ca...
"A dog. Well-lit exterior. Nosy neighbors. A car always parked in the driveway. Lights on in the house. Anything that would normally lead someone to believe that there is someone home."
It should also be noted that outdoor security lighting is a different beast from general purpose or decorative lighting. Most homes have very patchy exterior lighting, with either plenty of glare or plenty of shadows. If it is known the house isn't occupied, poor lighting will do little to prevent someone from crawling in a basement window then walking out the front door.
Wild animals large enough to trigger them are way too common.
Dark sky-certified lights are suggested but not required. With all that I’m still in a Bortle 5 zone, according to that map :(
Dark Sky Alqueva - The First Starlight Tourism Destination in the World: https://darkskyalqueva.com/en/
This is one of my favorite things about Palm Springs, which has almost no street lights. The darkness at night is truly beautiful. And it saves money and electricity to boot.
Maybe you could even get creative and have street lamps that dim up or down based on activity someday.
I'm fairly certain this is from Arthur C. Clarke's short story "The Nine Billion Names of God", partly used as inspiration for 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Same thing Asimov usually did—a shower and/or stoned "what if...?" idea turned into a short story in a straightforward way—except Clarke took the extra step to, like, write actual characters and draw a setting and maybe even establish tone and mood beyond whatever the literal plot itself necessarily conveys.
LEDs put out 7x as much light as an incandescent bulb, so people can use 3x as much light as they need and still save money on their power bill. I have a neighbor that has a string of bulbs along their driveway. These are left on all night every night. City code requires "fully shielded" lighting, but the city ignores its own code.
What Is a Fully Shielded Light Fixture? http://we-watch.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FullyShielded...
The tragedy of the increased amount of blue light in our nighttime environment is that there's a bunch of old research about the physiological mechanism behind high-energy blue photons causing inflammation in the eyes. This gradually results in people having reduced low-light visual acuity. Whoops.
I think people need to be told that artificial light is most useful to humans when it bounces off of things. This is why streetlights are mounted high on poles, and are designed so all the light is directed down.
Bulbs that can be seen are mostly emitting wasted light. A friend recently bought some light fixtures on the basis of looking nice when the lights are off. I think they're gradually realizing that staring directly into LEDs is not a pleasant experience.
In the old days, people bought light fixtures to hide the bulbs, and to direct the light where it's needed.
LEDs for consumers come in various color temperatures. Why are the streetlights all so cold?
A year ago our condos switched over to LEDs on all outside building lights and I no longer feel comfortable just sitting on our stoop enjoying the city at night anymore. It just feels so harsh. I have so many good memories from hanging out on Brooklyn stoops at night, either solo or with friends. I miss that soft, warm NYC lighting.
I'd like to reduce sky glow. I use motion sensitive downward lighting and close my blinds. I'd imagine that and redesigned street lights could cut sky glow in half or better.
But there's not enough money involved to even create regulations/standards in building codes or for lighting manufacturers.
It was both incredibly eerie and calming. One of the most liminal night drives I’ve had.
https://miejscawewroclawiu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IMG...
There’s a cannabis greenhouse elsewhere in my region that creates a pillar of white light. It’s a completely surreal scene. Also pretty awful light pollution.
- BUG rating [1] Backlight (B) uplight (U) glare (G)
- Legislating compliance of BUG ratings.
Longer term there could be citations for violating BUG ratings first on city governments, then businesses then finally on residential. If a light manufacturer is found to have false BUG ratings then city and state governments must sue them into compliance or oblivion.
[1] - https://www.firstlighttechnologies.com/solar-light-blog/ligh...
That's a headline I am far more concerned with.
now: starlink satellites are ruining astronomy for like sixty people whaaaa everything sucks!
this is why I no longer give any credit to online bellyaching
backyard astronomers: we don't care about you
if only starlink satellites could be arranged in the shape of Trump's face directly above laid-off Twitter engineers, life would be perfect
This seems like a very lazy, inexact, and error-prone way of collecting data.
Such as, gee I dunno, a change in the nature of peoples' light exposure, like spending more time inside and more time staring at a screen every year? No way that could possibly throw off peoples' subjective feeling of how bright the sky is, right? I'm sure there definitely hasn't been any other types of changes to human vision over time, like an increase in myopia over time. There also definitely hasn't been an increase in photophobia over time due to, among other factors, changing demographics resulting in older people making up a larger percentage of respondents, no siree.
They're not being asked to evaluate the glow itself, but how many stars they can see in a particular region of the sky.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/19/light-po...
"Participants were asked to use a website to view a selection of star charts for their location – each showing an incrementally greater number of the stars that exist in that patch of sky – and pick the chart that best matched what they could see. The researchers then created a model that related the number of visible stars to the brightness of the night sky."
Yes, many here vote and (dis)trust statements based on tone of voice but despite the user losing their cool - for whatever reason - their criticism is still valid. It's reasonable to assume at the least moderate if not extreme bias in this self-selected group of people who're concerned with a lack of dark skies. Yet they didn't address nor attempt to control for it.