Mac OS X Lion has a feature called "Automatic Termination" that kills background processes (that support Automatic Termination) when the system feels like it.
http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7.a...
It's not under user control and it can be a bit wonky, but it's a sign of where Mac OS X and iOS are becoming more alike.