Not far enough it seems, the link you posted has the same problem.
Edit: this particular device is iPhone 4
Edit: this particular device is iPhone 4
Okay, so Wikipedia says the newest OS for that phone is iOS 7.1.2, which was released June 30, 2014. So you've got a phone with no OS updates, including security patches, in ~8 years. Considering that AFAICT Apple bakes webkit updates into the OS, your browser has not been patched in 8 years. Bluntly, HTTPS certs are the least of the reasons that your device has no business being on the internet.
What a silly statement. Any device any user chooses to has business being on the internet. That's what the world wide web is.
In theory you can use MDM to add the LE root cert to your phone's certificate store.