RSA doesn't largely depends on the existence of computer, it could've been used "by hand" using the math behind it. The reason why was not is because, prior to computer, there was not a problem of "sharing" the key (and btw Nazi knew that a single key was weak, that's why they'd change it everyday to encrypt the communication with enigma)
> I would say it's more interesting that one-time pad encryption was not invented and used much earlier than 19th century
That's not true, as I mentioned Cesar's cipher is an example of that, though of course uses a simple key. Radio communications (and of course internet later) is the reason why encryption started to boom on the early 19th century onwards.