A group of researchers published a paper on this topic, "Energy Efficiency across Programming Languages" [0]. They have tables listing the relative energy usage and memory consumption.

It's just one paper of course, but the energy results weren't too surprising. C was the baseline. C++, Rust, and Java close behind. Languages like C# and Go near the middle, and then Python, Ruby, and Perl at the bottom for most energy used.

[0] https://greenlab.di.uminho.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/sle...