When you visit a site, details about your device are sent to the webserver, such as screen dimentions and resolution, processors, gyroscope information (orientation of screen), location, default language, and more, so the website can cater to you - rendering it to a good fit for your screen, using a protocol that works with your GPU, with relevant ads, etc. This data is called your digital fingerprint.
Companies that deal with high security data (banks), advertising profiles (google), or bot abuse (everyone), will store the fingerprints to every device used by you on their webservers, so they know if it is a new device and to throw a captcha, 2FA, etc. I refuse to give out my number to most sites, which is sometimes the only 2FA option, so for most of my stuff, I just don't use 2FA.
Despite knowing my password and passing 5+ captchas, having a different fingerprint and not having 2FA was too much for gmail and it decided I was still not verifiable. Idk if they decided I was a user in constant attack or something, but even when I had the old laptop they were always slow to accept that I must be me, making me fill capchas everytime and reinput my password.