A carrier could probably do that, individuals could not. The challenge is that caller ID is generally kinda like your email display name: It doesn't mean anything. The important part, which STIR/SHAKEN is adding verification requirements to, is what telcos are actually involved in the exchange.

I'd love a setting I could flip to disable inbound voice calls from any carrier that isn't like... Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Comcast.