I don't know if it's really important to know for practice. Who care where it comes from if the effect is there and you have to live with it?
It's not that effect being caused by upbringing makes it somehow unimportant, or unworthy of being there.
It's not that effect being caused by upbringing makes it somehow unimportant, or unworthy of being there.
Look at Sweden, it's been trying really hard and dumping lots of money into gender equality, but there's still very few women in tech. The fraction of women among Iran's CS graduates is greater than Sweden's. And, ironically, plenty of those Iranian women (I'm saying this offhand) go to do PhD in Sweden, to bring up the "gender balance" of CS departments that Sweden is so concerned about.
I'm really unsure whether society is easier to engineer than biology.