ByteDance confirmed it used TikTok to monitor journalists’ physical location

Addendum.

1. I did not write what I mean, to say the account is new : I mean to say, it has sprung into life, for this thread. Farm accounts can be brand new, and many are, but you also find accounts which have been around for a long time, and then start being used. I suspect Farms constantly make accounts, bank them, and then consume them however many months or years later.

2. Having read the comments from this account, I does not feel like a Farm account. However, I could be wrong. Farm accounts in my experience use different approaches - some are combative, some are mild, some use the usual twisted Russian or Chinese logic ("we had to invade Ukraine because of NATO!", etc).

This attitude leads to generals sabotaging the Christmas Truce and way more deaths than necessary. Very very few wars are against invaders who want to kill everybody.

Out of curiosity, what has Zelensky done to improve Ukraine before the war, other than not being a Kremlin puppet?

As I understood it, before the war he was sliding down in the polls, becoming unpopular because there haven't been the massive crackdowns on corruptions he was campaigning for (like in his TV show), with him also being uncovered in the Pandora papers as having various hidden assets [1] and only his resistance to the Russian making him the most popular leader ever.

[1] https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/03/revealed-anti-o...

Ukraine under Zelensky is almost completely an authoritarian state, all opposition is banned and either jailed or left the country. All mass media are under government control or left the country. Courts are under total government control, well known murderers are freed from prisons as they were murdering people that were against current government. Business under total control and either does what’s told or gets taken away. You don’t like something and dare to voice your concerns? Welcome to the frontlines or a nearby forest with a 2m digged hole! You think there’s no more corruption? Have you noticed that more and more governments are concerned with all the weapon systems smuggled to their countries from Ukraine? Yes, they steal provided weapons and sell it for profit. You sent water and food aid to Ukraine? Local authorities are selling it to locals. Ukraine is a dystopian society. And no, it’s not just a result of war, all the processes started years ago and were just rushed as soon as the war started.

I may be wrong, but to my eye, China has a direct interest in Russia being successful in its invasion of Ukraine : the invasion of Taiwan.

China is and has been - as Russia did, prior to its invasion - massively expanding its armed forces.

To my eye, there is absolutely no defensive need for this - India is not about in invade, for example. There is only one use for all this weaponry; Taiwan.

I swim a lot, and I meet people in the pool.

Two weeks ago or so I met a South Korean diplomat - in the pool :-) - and we discussed the situation. South Korea very much is looking to see that Russia is defeated, to discourage China from invading Taiwan.

You grossly underestimate the power and capacity of the US industrial machine if you think that.

> Perhaps PLA believes that bleeding Russia dry via America expending all of her reserve weaponry means that that American combat power can't be used in the Pacific.

They are seriously mistaken. Unlike Europe whose capacity in manufacturing anything from ammo to tanks and jets has gone downhill over the last thirty years and who haven't seen an actual fight since the Balkan wars and the early years of Afghanistan, the US has logistics nailed down and is in well-trained condition from the adventures of the last twenty years. Should China ever decide to enter war against the US, it won't end up pretty for them.

I would be very hesitant to suggest that the engagement of limited artillery, ammunition, and side equipment in UA is remotely on the order of magnitude the United States is capable of mustering from its reserves alone. It doesn't make sense because manpower is more expensive to train and maintain than equipment, and the US isn't deploying manpower.

> Perhaps PLA believes that bleeding Russia dry via America expending all of her reserve weaponry means that that American combat power can't be used in the Pacific.

If this is their plan then this is a very poor plan. Russia is a land war, and most of the equipment we're giving to you crane is not the sort of equipment that we would ever use in a war anymore.

There's also just the fact that soldiers are often a bit crap at opsec it just doesn't always get them killed. I have doubts anyways that China would be feeding Russia strike targets based on tiktok usage anyways so they'd be stuck to using the videos to guide strikes based on the nation-state equivalent of GeoGuesser. That can be fantastically accurate but it's much slower generally.

What does tiktok offer in that respect that youtube or just about any other social media platform supporting video couldn't also provide?

Good luck searching anything about 1c database (maybe the best accounting software I have ever used). And this is only the top of my head, Russian culture used to be huge. A lot of country-specific knowledge get blocked and I very disappreciate that people who use to think that there is anything better than a free access to any information.

Agreed. Plus have you NOT seen the crap TikTok put out these days? YouTubes Shorts are no better. It's like some hypno crap now.

What’s the worst case? That China subtly influences the American youth to be less supportive of Washington’s wars? Because TikTok has tons of ‘ex’ CIA and FBI manning the Trust and Safety Dept just like the other socials

That’s the kind of fight I’d like to have though. A good thing to stand up for.

I could also probably be fired for things i say on the internet with my real name, but i think it’s worth standing against that kind of thing and not being afraid of it even though it’s entirely possible. (I do on occasion say things which are very much not well thought out, rude, just to trigger good discussion, or because I’ve had too much wine or am feeling ornery… in other words I’m not ashamed to be human)

If you work for a company that could be punished by China you should furiously work to get your company out of China so that they can't do this.

Keep your comments in the boardroom, but whatever influence you have, you use.

The military is perfectly capable of solving more than one problem at a time. This issue is being dealt with in addition to the other items you read about in the news.

The USA, technologically and manpower wise is doing fine at the moment in addressing these external threats.

> The fact that American boys are increasingly preferring video games to sports should also worry you.

You should not worry about the fighting ability of the average Chinese man vs the average American man. U.S. has the most violence-ready population of young men on Earth, and it's not close.

Maybe Latin America or parts of Africa and the Middle East beat us in terms of willingness to commit violence, but we have much more resources, training, and equipment. China has none of this.

In fact, you should be worried about our young men choosing to exercise this violence against you here before you worry about some kind of military defeat at the hands of the Chinese.

If the only way the poster is going to cure their social media addiction is through government intervention, I would suggest finding alternative means of addressing the issue.

I think even those who came into contact with addiction and substance abuse may fail to realize that social media dependence is a very similar thing.

We can get technical - drugs and booze are psychoactive, while social media is behavioral addiction. Even so, the habit-building loop and the compulsion that stems from it is effectively the same.

So, I don't think it's condescending to say "just quit it". I suspend my Twitter account from time to time when I realize I built a habit loop again, and the "urge" just goes away.

I haven’t found ostracism for using channels outside of Facebook. I have plenty of friends and acquaintances that I keep in touch with via Snapchat, email, and text.

I deleted my facebook during Lent in 2017 as part of a social media "time out" and never brought it back.

Interestingly enough, friends started calling again. Quitting social media cold turkey is great because you get to find out who is actually important in your life, and you find it out really fast.

>If you delete faceboom...

Is this a Freudian slip? I'll have to start using this term when referring to Facebook in the future.

I agree. How does that apply to TikTok though?

Last I checked TikTok has a huge office in London. They’re not invulnerable to penalties.

They probably don't know all of them, if the Party knows what it's about.

In the old Soviet system, you had people who were openly members of the Party, political officers placed in your organization. But you also had KGB agents placed in your organization that you didn't know about, because their job was to keep an eye on you.

> they just decided to track journalists for fun with no-one telling them to?

That's not what I suggested in the slightest. Stop lying.

> seems pretty unlikely to me.

Sure, because I imagine they didn't just do it for fun. But that doesn't mean a more senior person has to be involved.

Back it up with evidence. Your feelings are worthless. I'm right, and you are wrong.

Depends hugely on who you are and what happens with the politics.

CIA and FBI are very big threats to you, which is why you vote regularly to ensure that your rights are represented and those agencies aren't able to abuse their power.

China is a much more distant and abstract, but much more serious threat.

If the FBI or CIA fucks up, they will put let's say 10% of people in prison for opposition to the state.

If China is allowed to gain upper hands on the United States, it will result in broad scale societal problems which I couldn't even begin to estimate. Imagine a world where Russia is allowed to take Europe. Imagine a world where the United States is convinced to stand by as Taiwan is invaded and our chip supply is shut down.

They are very different threats, and should be treated very differently. The FBI and CIA are immune system type systems, where China is a guy with a knife.

The CIA and FBI have checks on them and are balanced as we speak. China is a fully rogue actor with no balancing systems to prevent it from damaging our society.

Both can kill you, both will kill you if given the opportunity. You shouldn't worry not about the guy with a knife because your immune system can kill you in 5 minutes if it wanted to. You should worry about both.

In Australia, the Chinese government has been very aggressive with our citizens.

- Students have had family members back in China threatened with imprisonment for merely attending protests.

- Journalists have been kidnapped and are still missing.

- Other individuals have been monitored by local embassy staff.

- Businesses have seen markets arbitrarily cut-off for any form of criticism.

Just because you have not been personally threatened doesn't mean others haven't.

I guess there is a tacit assumption that you and the US government have some shared goals, but that you share fewer goals with ByteDance or the government of China.

I guess most Americans aren’t very scared of the feds “because they have nothing to hide”, which as we know is a false sense of security in any surveillance state. But it can still be true that you have /more/ to fear from the government of China, given that they can have economic impact on your life at a macro level.

The FBI and CIA have both good and bad effects on a US resident whereas China's national security establishment has only bad effects (if it has any significant effects).

There is no disadvantage to a US resident from stopping them from spying on US residents. Both the law-and-order type of US voter and the don't-tread-on-me type agree on that.

Would you be concerned if your childrens' school curriculum had to get pre-approval from the Chinese government? That's the quantity of exposure we already have. An entity beholden to the CCP has an iron grip on the attention of America's youth.

The average person would never come in contact with the fbi or be put in a cage randomly. Ask your neighbours / friends if they have heard about anyone in their circle who had this happen to them in some form.

That fear is from tv using it so often it seems true.

What does the average American need to fear about China? Very little in terms of impact to daily lives.

What does the average American need to fear about being secretly recorded by a neighbour? Very little.. they still think its creepy

The FBI has the power to put you in a cage, and yet you are not in a cage. China regularly puts its own citizens in a cage or worse for offenses that are perfectly acceptable here, such as criticizing our leadership. China is a large and powerful country. China is an authoritarian state whose leadership would unquestionably impose their will on us could they. Recording data about us now to be used in 10, 20, or 50 years in the same ways they are actively using it agains their current citizens today doesn't seem far fetched, however unlikely at this point in time.

You and I, we're nobodies with no power. We share a country with people who do have power. The power they exercise impacts our lives. Those people have weaknesses. Those weaknesses can be exploited.

If you ran an intelligence service, you might want to identify targets, prioritize targets, and potentially create a graph of social connections.

Tiktok provides picture data (geolocation, timestamps, hashes, potentially facial recognition and OCR), location data, time data (hours app is opened), private message data, and data on hobbies/interests, I assume there is profile and private message data as well.

That's all without bringing up the glaring problem which is damaging institutional trust. Promoting anti-science videos or showing one group very pro videos and another group very against videos is damaging to our very social fabric. Amplifying things that feel intuitive but aren't correct is dangerous.

The threat model you perceive is that our authoritarian government would oppress us. The threat model that is happening is that external governments are causing chaos within our borders, amplifying division, and sewing distrust.

You perceive the government to be a bigger threat because of how you imagine you might exercise power, maybe you want to unionize, maybe you worry about police abuse, maybe you worry someone might take your guns, maybe you hate taxes. That misses the bigger picture... out of the following people, would you prefer them to be "compromised" by the CIA or by China? Soldier, Politician, Judge, CEO, Engineer, nuclear scientist, EPA regulator, Chief logistics officers, FCC employees, Bankers, etc.

I think the answer is pretty obvious, but I'm open to an explanation of why it is not.

The FBI has that power, but at least in theory they don't want to. That's the balance we strike with government: we give them the monopoly on the legitimate use of force, in exchange for some kind of believe that they won't mis-use that force.

The FBI has at least some kind of supervision, from elected officials who ultimately answer to their constituents. That's a long way from a guarantee, but it's more than nothing, which is what you have on China.

China can't (legitimately) put you in a cage, but they can do a lot of other things to make you really unhappy, and there's nothing you can do about it. Whether that nets out to be more or less scary is up to you, but there is a difference on which to make the distinction.

Me, I'm not really so sure that this app represents all that big a threat compared to all of the other things. My concerns are more with the intermediate: large corporations without the power to put me in a cage but with the power to do a lot of other bad things. Including just plain losing my info by accident, something neither the FBI nor China is likely to do.

I won't use any names but Smusshia helped get Donald Duck elected. What could Chmina do? How could they erode our society? The implications are enormous, and not even theoretical by this point. A lot of societal attack on us has already been documented.

Because like all dragnets they may snag some big fish who it could be helpful to track/compromise. Everyone else on the platform provides a reason for the main targets to use it.

China can have you fired.

How about both

I'm very skeptical that there is such a thing as a regulation which can keep a state actor with zero transparency like TikTok in check.

Even if you move all of their code and mandate that they have a shell company in the United States, and you mandate that none of American data ever goes to China, they can ignore you. You validate that every request only stays in the United States? How do you validate that there's no communication between the two systems?

The state they operate in is going to make whistle blowing very difficult, not ever allow proper auditing into the state apparatus which ultimately controls the company.

You can administrate code, but unless you actually build that code yourself and basically understand it from the ground up with every single update, which is going to be nearly impossible, it's going to be very easy to sneak features through.

The problem is, keeping this safe is going to be a herculan task, and we're just not up to it. Facebook is tame in comparison, because at the end of the day they're subject to our open media, transparency laws, corporate auditing, and all of that other fun stuff.

We can reasonably pass regulations that help keep Facebook in check.

We cannot reasonably pass regulations which we'll keep TikTok in check.

But our government depends on those other apps spying on you and violating your privacy so that they can collect a copy of all that data for themselves. If we solved the problem with actually providing privacy protections for the American people against unwanted spying by corporations the US government would have to back to spying on Americans themselves.

Tiktok isn’t only dangerous because of the data they harvest. It’s the epitome of algorithmic social media, which can be extremely damaging to society, and also a tool for propaganda and disinformation.

The west values free enterprise, association, etc. China does not.

If you want to be more like china, you can ban them, but if you think that freedom is valuable, it's you who's losing out

Mainly due to different government systems/markets. Each nation applies certain rules to protect interests and favored companies. An article that described some is here [1].

[1] https://time.com/6139988/countries-where-twitter-facebook-ti...

same with land ownership.

The data really isn't the concern. It's a mild concern in long term as we have kids grow up to be presidents and their stupid stuff is on this media platform who can dig it up and blackmail with it.

The real concern is the ability to use the website as a propaganda outlet

Which is why tracking and selling such data should be illegal.

Well sure, but somehow noone was bothered by the local three-letter agencies getting the data from the telcos (and google, facebook, etc.), until the chinese did the same with their app.

Doesn't most people who commit white-collar crimes do so because the riches acquired does matter in reducing time and getting out of jail quickly?

High level executives at ByteDance are members of the CCP and closely work with the CCP. Journalists are reporting on ByteDance because of allegations that are implied in this quote from the article:

“TikTok has never been used to ‘target’ any members of the U.S. government, activists, public figures or journalists,”

The ongoing controversy with TikTok has always been about the concern of the government of China using TikTok data and manipulation of its content in clandestine ways. It all goes back to CCP.

Selective enforcement and laws that are designed not to be enforced degrade the very rule of law and rules-based order that we're supposedly trying to protect here.

So you want Congress to make laws that they actively abuse themselves?

> There is no requirement under the Chinese National Intelligence Law for intelligence agencies to go through courts for access.

Maybe our translations don't call it a court, but there will be processes. In practice, what does the FISA "court" guarantee that the Chinese intelligence service bureaucracy does not?

> There is no due process for those affected.

Much the same as the US, right? The courts have ruled that people don't have standing to challenge the NSA's large-scale surveillance programmes, the warrants are granted by secret courts, the usual rights of appeal don't extend to those courts.

> That law also compels companies and citizens to actively assist intelligence agencies.

Which is much the same as the National Security Letter system, no?

Can you give me a real example of this data? I don’t doubt it happens, I just want an example to cite.

Perhaps.

1. This is true if and only if the United States signs up, completely, for security of the entire European Continent. The armies of Germany, Poland, and Great Britain are just too small to do this (France isn't even worth mentioning)[1]. And, as the chaotic withdrawal from Afghanistan made painfully clear, the rest of NATO is unable to conduct air operations without direct support and coordination from the United States. There's a high cost to this, and we should go into it eyes wide open if this is the security responsibility we are assuming. To top it all off, the US Army is facing a serious recruiting crisis. We may need to consider a draft if we are going to shoulder the burden of securing all of Europe (again).

2. Aid to Ukraine is over $100B at this point, but I agree that there is some significant return on investment here if the aim was to degrade Russian military power via a proxy war. While we're sending some high-end stuff (HIMARS, rumors of MIM-104s) that would be useful in the pacific theater and are hard to replace, doing so has ground Russia down so bad that they're stuck in the defensive for the foreseeable future.

3. I don't really care about this. I'm interested in what makes sense for the security of the United States and what makes American citizens better off - economically or otherwise. It's like saying "murder is bad, we should punish murderers really hard so that other people don't murder". Sure, I agree.

4. I think this is mostly fantasy, or an insane game of chicken. If we're in Ukraine until the Kremlin collapses, that would catastrophically reduce security for an entire hemisphere because of the ensuing chaos a fractured and broken Russian Federation would represent. Many, mostly on the Left, seem to think this is actually a good idea but it isn't. I doubt this is actually the goal of the State Department, and since China isn't stupid they likely doubt it as well. So on balance, whatever the US does in Ukraine I'd judge to have very little impact to PLA's calculus on a Taiwan invasion.

[1] It is worth mentioning that Poland has plans to double the size of it's ground forces. But until this actually happens, this remains a plan and not existing combat power.

Pfff. If you are a professional, fail at your job, and blame the adversary then it you are an incompetent professional. Incompetent because you do not understand where the problem is.

I wonder how my boss would say if my answer to being hacked was "hey, blame the attacker - I am the victim here and should be consoled. It does not matter that I should have known!".

Then there is the "skirt case" - something as a French I am sadly aware of. My personal perspective is that the police should aggressively react to such harassment. And punitions should be drastic. And that deep changes in the way we handle ghettos we built ourselves should be undertaken (this is much more difficult than the first two ones but effectively the only way forward).

With this said, I will not go to a cité (more or less a ghetto) with a "Fuck Allah" shirt and wonder why my head was chopped.

We live in a world where there seems to be a contradiction between "common sense" and "justice". Justice and equity is the most important but it does not mean that we should not think WHEN WE KNOW that the world is not ideal yet.

Well this is naive - the KGB lives on with the same agents, same files, same buildings, same crimes - it’s just now called the FSB.

The KGB has not existed for decades, but its spiritual successor, Russia, is almost certainly still performing spy operations and generally you can assume when someone says KGB they mean Russian spies.

i mean only technically in name only.

This is rewriting history.

Production moved to China because China began allowing foreign investment, and Chinese labor was cheaper. Foreign companies made their own decisions to take advantage of cheap Chinese labor.

This wasn't some sort of nefarious Chinese plot. The US also wanted China to open up to American investment.

Call me paranoid but giving China unrestricted access to your physical phone even before you receive it seems like an unnecessary risk to me.

It allows for all kinds of trickery regardless of where the chips are manufactured.

You don't need to ban it. Just forbid US companies from doing business with TikTok, and their users will plummet when they can't pay for CDNs in America.

The Constitution plainly gives Congress the power and right to regulate international trade.

“Do you want it to have that power”

What an odd question. The government bans things all the time - can you go and buy unpasteurized milk right now? Or walk into a weapons store and buy brass knuckles? But heaven forbid, we’re abandoning our principles if we ban a data collection platform owned and operated by a genocidal undemocratic government.

The American clones are garbage. The problem with protectionism is it leads to less competition and therefore worse products. If you want apps to stop tracking people just make it illegal for apps to tracks people. Country of origin is irrelelvant.

The US Government already trusts Oracle Corp with much more than merely a social media application.

https://www.oracle.com/industries/government/us-defense/

Larry Ellison defecting to China doesn't seem like a likely scenario, I don't think he'd like life as an international fugitive, slave to a host with a history of treating their own native billionaires harshly. Barring such a flight, the US Government can get their hands on him if that becomes necessary, but I doubt it will.

> Oracle and Walmart reportedly at that time brokered a deal to run the US arm of TikTok. Do you trust them?

Well, I trust them more than I trust China. I guess we should have done nothing instead?

Every person and company you just mentioned are infinitely more trustworthy than the CCP, and that's saying a lot.

The idea that US is good and China is evil is absurd. Other Americans do far more to destroy "ideals of freedom and our western way of life" than China does - hell, I'm pretty sure that with the current US polarisation, both sides would say they have more in common with China than with their US opponents - and they'd be right. Take any concept of "freedom" or "way of life" that you care for, and half the US is currently against it. TikTok is a bogeyman that has done nothing to Americans that Americans weren't already doing to themselves.

Your comment only makes sense since you are an american. The entire premise of your argument completely false a part when you have actually experienced what the "goodness" of america, say in the middle east, means.

Remind me. Why should the rest of the world put up with Google and Facebook? Free trade for me but not for thee? This hypocrisy is maddening.

Companies need to comply with PI laws. Then there is no need to find excuses to keep approved spyware companies operating depending on where the stockholders live.

We're in a world where Facebook has already used it's power to influence who wins western elections.

The enemy was here before TikTok has existed, china is catching up quickly to the western tools for dominance

Why is China our enemy?

China has banned all western social media I think?

The result of this will be millions of American teen girls learning how to "sideload" apps onto their device. Of course, a significant percentage of them will end up sideloading malware onto their device at the same time.

The funny aspect to me is that the senators pushing to "ban TikTok" are the same senators pushing for an "open App Store" bill. But I don't see how you can have it both ways.

Sure you can sanction TikTok. Are you going to jail every middle schooler who "does business" with them by downloading the app from unofficial sources?

Or perhaps you want to force ISPs to drop connections to TikTok servers?

India's version of the internet is also very different than ours. I doubt TikTok even had much of a market there

> There is a difference between what people know because it is pushed out to them vs. what someone can deduce by careful research and logic.

Indeed. It's the difference between public knowledge and common knowledge. Matters which are public knowledge may not be common knowledge, if they've been swept under the rug or generally forgotten.

Prior to Snowden those people were derided as part of the paranoid tinfoil hat crowd. The only thing known was some vague discussion of Carnivore and Tempest.

Both things can be true and it doesn't have anything to do with being pro-anything.

The US government has a very long history of simply lying about things when it fits their goals so independently verifiable evidence is what's needed. The German government is still waiting for the promised proof about Huawei backdoors, by the way. This was promised when Trump was president. The US didn't produce any proof whatsoever and leaks even showed that the NSA couldn't find anything even after gaining access to Huawei's systems. The UK also said that the US never produced any evidence for any of the claims.

Now it might still be true that there's things going on but there's a huge difference between saying "We don't have proof but we obviously cannot be sure" and claiming to have proof.

US companies effectively have been "banned" in EUrope since 2015 for this exact reason :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Schrems#Schrems_I

Not true, American companies like Google are still the de facto monopolies in Europe.

You might also check out how China is draining Russian economy - instead of focusing on making an appearance of doing so. But yeah, this is one aspect where I do agree. I’m really happy to see USA being the good guys again.

A Chinese company operates in the US, obeys local laws while doing the same sketchy things that home-grown companies do all the time and it's a 'national security issue'.

US companies operating in the EU are expected to follow local laws and ... this is unfair because the US is pursuing its own narrow internal interests in Ukraine, like it always does, and Europeans are supposed to be grateful?

> Saudi Arabia killed an American journalist, dismembered him, and dissolved him in a vat of acid and yet we're still on our knees with their robe over our heads because yeah we need our economic relationship.

Not that it should matter, but in the interest of accuracy he was a Saudi journalist who wrote for (among others) an American media company, not an American journalist.

Unless they broke out the bone saws for someone else besides Jamal Khashoggi.

I can't think of a faster way to kill the app or any app than to sell it to Oracle.

Seriously give it to Oracle and 20 minutes. When you have to spend 3 minutes waiting for the next TikTok to load people will find alternatives real quick.

OP mentioned it as a “national security issue” so I think they meant to invoke First Amendment freedom of speech.

I think you're talking about two different things here. I never argued that they are on the same footing. That's true for every country on this planet.

My main point here was that Facebook and Google are allowed to operate in China if they follow the law of the land. I've already said that not operating there is arguably admirable but the point is that they're definitely allowed to operate there if they follow the law of the land. And the laws for them are no different than they are for Chinese companies.

Apple and Microsoft are doing absolutely fine in China. Apple's mobile market share there is bigger than it is in Europe. So yes, they already _are_ allowed to gain a comparable market share. As for regular social media; LinkedIn is also doing just fine and always has.

Teslas were the #1 electric cars sold for the last time frame I could find.

There are various areas where foreign companies are big or even dominate the Chinese market.