You can convert female cells to sperm cells (using stem cells), so male is not required. Although, I believe the offspring can only be female.
There is a wrinkle, genetic imprinting.
You can put a woman's X chromosome in a sperm but it'll be labelled "from mum" and not work quite right.
See Prader Willi and Angleman syndrome for examples.
That's exactly it. You can't get a Y chromosome from two X chromosomes.
This won't work. Male genomes are imprinted to form a placenta. For example, when embryos receive two sets of genes from a male and none from the female, they turn into molar pregnancies (a giant, aggressive placenta). Embryos receiving both set from a female and none from a male do not form a placenta and can't implant.
I think this will be the norm in the future: women can simply reproduce artificially without any injections from men, and their children will all be female. Men will quickly die out, and the world will probably be better off honestly (just look at who fills up the prisons, and who starts and fights in wars).
Yes, the do require a male to reproduce. That is correct.