Twitter's anti-Mastodon filter evasion
infosec.exchange
infosec.exchange
But everything about Mastodon seems badly designed and engineered. The focus on "servers" seems technologically anachronistic, but worse, fragments the community and creates (IMO) unacceptable privacy concerns. Self-hosting requires unnecessary hoops, loses some community functionality, and runs into the risk of "defederation", which only exacerbates the problem of servers being overly important. If you do decide to go with one of the existing servers, and hadn't been there early enough to get into one of those run by the foundation, you're basically required to trust your online identity and private message secrecy to an anonymous activist admin with a kitty avatar.
Why Twitter should feel threatened by this clusterfuck at all is a mystery to me.
I have some friends operating a Mastodon server, with a team of volunteer operators, and I'm pretty sure I've met all of them in person. I've only used Twitter a handful of times and don't really like the medium, but it's really not that hard to run a server. And I don't think there's any fundamental reason this doesn't scale. Every single community center runs a website, it's not that much of a stretch to imagine local, trusted Mastodon-type servers operated by all sorts of organizations. You may already be a member of an organization that has the capability and drive in your area, if you just can find the other people who want it.
https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/21/tumblr-to-add-support-for-...
But this will never describe a significant portion of Twitter users. It might work for some, but it wont replace Twitter.
I'm not suggesting any individual do so, but this is not rocket science. I feel like maintaining a physical building is probably harder, so any organization with a physical building that has ~100+ members should be able to do this - and enough organizations doing this could replace Twitter.
However.
> you're basically required to trust your online identity and private message secrecy to an anonymous activist admin with a kitty avatar.
Is this worse than trusting Twitter, Facebook, or TikTok? Those companies are actively looking to exploit you for profit. Whereas strawman kitty avatar can't do anything. Especially are there are no private messages on Mastodon.
Yes for the first two, no for the third. US-based companies are large targets for potential lawsuits, and consequently have processes in place to prevent random employees from accessing your DMs without cause. I obviously wouldn't trust those companies completely -- we're really arguing about probabilities here -- but there's at least some measure of accountability that makes them unlikely to do something trivially stupid.
> there are no private messages on Mastodon
It does have a DM feature -- that they aren't private is exactly the point.
Also, complete failures like banning important stories, banning presidents, banning journalists etc. cannot happen on Mastodon the same way that it has happened countless of times on Twitter and will continue happening.
Mastodon is obviously superior when it comes to the freedom of speech. Elon is afraid, because he knows. Funnily enough, he is the reason why we will get the better version of social media faster.
It works by the old and new server "cooperating", so it won't let you move between two servers which won't federate with each other - in that specific scenario you'll need to go via a third server which both speak to.
The move appears to you as if your followers unfollows your old account and follows the new account, so they're all "redirected" to your new handle. E.g. you can see that here: https://mastodon.social/@vidarh
You indicate to the old server where you want to move to, and then to the new server where you're moving from, and the fact the old server will specify your new handle in your profile is used as proof when informing your followers instances of the new address.
If you do this, you can see mastodon.social returns a "movedTo" attribute for my old account:
curl -H "Accept: application/activity+json" https://mastodon.social/users/vidarh | jq .movedToI still blog on a server I rent but the backup is hosted in a server in my closet. I’m fully aware that rental can go away any time. And that’s been the case for decades.
Maybe it’s a generational thing but it appears people assume these platforms owe them something. The TOS makes it clear they owe them very little. So you can be muted, banned or deleted at any moment.
I’ve watched many social networks disappear and end up in the footnotes of a Wikipedia article. Nothing about the internet is guaranteed nor permanent. Twitter nor Mastodon owe you anything.
But generally it takes a lot to get banned by most fediverse instances. You basically either need to be a nazi or consort with nazis.
There are, of course, instances that would ban you for less than that, but these tend to be much smaller and trying to foster a very specific type of community. If they'd ban you, they probably wouldn't follow you either.
The solution to this is to move to an instance which hasn't defederated from the one you're on. Worst case, setting up your own.
But you can still move to a third party server. If you desperately want to move from A to B and A and B are defederated from each other, you can even do that by moving from A to C and C to A as long as both A and B are willing to talk to C.
Also, you can't back up your followers.
I think Mastodon is a tiny bit better than Twitter in that, at least you have a chance to move as long as things are good. If that makes a practical difference, I don 't know...
It needs improvements, such as the ability to move in spite of the old server (the ability to get at your private key so you or the new server can sign an assertion about the move with the old accounts key would be one option which would at least give people the choice of being prepared), and moving over the old posts (there are some stupid concerns about "faking timelines" which you can trivially do anyway, so I think this is a question of time to resolve that - it's not technically hard), but it already does offer significantly more freedom than Twitter.
There's no moving on goalposts here. I have not replied to you suggesting anything less than this previously, so there were no goalposts for me to move.
> Which, BTW, isn't even a filter criterion on the often linked instances.social.
So don't rely on instances.social if that is a consideration for you. If this matters to you, do your research. Joinmastodon.org does have a filter for "legal structure", but if you care about that you really should read the about page of your prospective server. Or run or pay for your own.
I simply provided you with a list of options if this is a consideration for you. It's your choice whether or not any of those options works for you.
> Also, you can't back up your followers.
Yes you can, though not from the default Mastodon UI. In fact anyone can download your followers list as JSON. What you can't do without support from the original server is to cause your followers to refollow you on the new account, and that is indeed a legitimate flaw that I'd like to see fixed (and it's doable - there are key-pairs associated with the accounts which would allow for signing an assertion about the account moving, and while the server need to have a copy of the main private key there's no reason for users not to be able to get a copy of it). It probably will be - the entire account move functionality is quite new and needs iteration.
All servers can communicate. You're not locked into servers. This isnt an MMO... infosec.exchange, the one I use, isnt an exclusive thing. It basically just shows my name as: unloco@infosec.exchange.
I can see and talk to mastodon.social. I can use hashtags and people from other servers will see it just like twitter.
The server you pick is just a name and a local server. If you pick a server that's dying, just move to the next one. You keep everything, it just changes from:
unloco@infosec.exhange to unloco@mastodon.social. You wont lose the friends, just the host name changes.
The only thing you can do is own your data, running on servers you own, at a domain you own.
The internet owes you nothing.
No, that’s a failure of the specific protocol. Your identity could simply be a public key. This way it’s:
1) Tamperproof
2) Not dependant on any specific server
A public key is a way to securely and uniquely say "this is me". It says nothing about who you are, anything about you, what you like or do, your links to other people, or anything like that.
All that information has to be stored somewhere.
I don't understand what decentralized internet service you would prefer then? The ability for anyone to host their own decentralized instance is exactly what a return to the protocols of old would look like. They may not have had anime avatars, but you were just as susceptible to the whims of your IRC admin. Either you trust in the faceless centralized conglomerate or in your smaller devop. What third option is there?
I acknowledge that Mastodon is not perfect, but raising that as "badly designed and engineered" seems weird, when it's the most decentralised, actually working solution we've got.
I think this is a feature for most communities to be honest. Twitter is great at inter-networking, and a decent soap-box, but communities there are shallow and when your audience is "everyone on the platform" the chilling effect means only certain types of people are participating honestly and in full. There's probably some great communities that happen to be on twitter in spite of there being almost no open functionality that helps with that, but I bet they would all grow and foster better conversations if they added a discord server or something similar. Twitter is about as good as a blog comment section for long-term community building.
I thought I'd try mastodon.social but couldn't find it on any of the lists so chose the search option. Found it but it wouldn't let me register an account. Go go site, there's a register button but rather than taking me to a signup form I just get a big wall of text about how I can't be a sexist or a transphobe. Fine, I won't. But why can't I register?
Go to joinmastodon.org or instances.social, not directly to a specific instance.
I saw that elonjet had found a new home there so assumed I wouldn't have any trouble signing up. The "Create Account" button on mastodon.social seemed promising too.
I'll note that if you click "Create Account" on mastodon.social at the moment on desktop, it shows a modal that explains that you can interact no matter which Mastodon server you sign up on, then shows a "On this server" explaining mastodon.social is currently closed for signups, reminds people that they don't need an account on mastodon.social to use mastodon, then a "On a different server" header that explains that you can create an account on a different server, with a big blue "Find another server" button taking you to joinmastodon.org/server.
I'm sure this still confuses some people (and more confusingly, if you narrow the window enough the "create account" button takes you straight to the link above without explanation; that doesn't seem like great UX), and I'd love to see tweaks to make it better, but the above seemed odd to me, not least because it doesn't seem like they've tried the regular registration flow, so I have no clue what it is they actually did. It seems maybe they've clicked the "Learn more" link, given the description about a "wall of text" about what they can't do?
Go with the one everyone talks about? Closed to new signups. Pick some other one, run the risk that it closes (the owner gets bored, it becomes too much work, they find keeping it up and stable too hard). Or else that it gets “defederated”, and hence you get effectively banned, because someone else disagrees with moderation decisions of the owner which are nothing to do with you personally. And even if none of that happens, and the server you pick turns out to be a good one - then your friend asks you how to join Mastodon, you direct them to the server you use, but it is closed to sign-ups due to popularity, so they have the same issue.
I can’t be bothered. I’m sure I’m hardly the only one.
This is exactly the same thing as creating an email address, and as far as I know no-one is complaining because they have to choose a server/domain to use.
If Mastodon is successful the same thing will happen again.
How do you choose anything? On joinmastodon.org/servers you're presented with filter options and descriptions. You look at the descriptions and pick one you think you'll like. If you don't, you can do an account move. Plenty of people will be happy to help.
Personally I'm perfectly fine with making people think twice if they're not willing to invest the time to find a server. It's ok - they can pick something else if that works better for them.
> Or else that it gets “defederated”, and hence you get effectively banned, because someone else disagrees with moderation decisions of the owner which are nothing to do with you personally.
This is a highly exaggerated risk unless you go out of your way to find a server full of racists or other people that should instantly make it clear to you it's likely you'll face blocks. Some people will insist this or that mainstream server is banned everywhere (e.g. some say that about mastodon.social), and in reality unless the server is obviously bad it often turns out to be a few inconsequentially tiny instances which block them. Look at the list of banned instances on a handful of servers and you'll see that most places it's not very long and most of it is made up of a core set of common culprits. None of which are listed on joinmastodon.org/servers - it takes effort or really bad luck to end up on a server where this is a big issue.
> then your friend asks you how to join Mastodon, you direct them to the server you use, but it is closed to sign-ups due to popularity, so they have the same issue.
It's an issue particularly now because signups are 10x-20x normal because of Musk. It's a scaling issue which will go away, as the number of new instances is also rapidly going up and people are addressing it. Additionally, if you e.g. go to mastodon.social and press "Create Account" you're offered an explanation and linked to joinmastodon.org/servers to pick another one.
> I can’t be bothered. I’m sure I’m hardly the only one.
That's of course your choice.
Look at how many controversies there have been about whether Twitter should or shouldn’t ban some controversial figure (everyone from Donald Trump to J K Rowling). What happens if Mastodon gets similar controversies, and then big Mastodon server operators disagree among themselves about how to respond, and then block each other’s servers out of that disagreement? Nobody can say it can’t happen, I can’t see any guardrails to prevent such splits. If anything, Mastodon’s community seems to be full of people who think that Twitter (whether pre or post Musk) is insufficiently moderated and not banning enough people, which seems to make such a development only more likely
What happens if it should come to pass is that users will need to decide whether they like it like that, or move to a third party instance that doesn't block either one or only block the one they want blocked.
And the prospect of a user exodus (for a decision either way) is an incentive for admins to pay attention to what their users actually wants. To me that's just fine (though I'd like improvements to the user migration functionality to make this process even easier).
I could worry about this, or I can worry about Musk's whims. On Mastodon I can move elsewhere (and did; where I started was fine, but I'm now on my own instance because I like having more control). On Twitter, there's no recourse. As such I'll take those future hypotheticals over what's happening to Twitter any day.
I'm beginning to see this as a feature. The best social network may indeed be one that requires effort.
It's important to know that moving between servers is fairly well implemented; a few clicks and your followers will automatially migrate over to the new one. Your first pick doesn't have to be final.
If not now, then when?
Jack linked to nostr which tries to solve some of these problems: https://nitter.it/jack/status/1603945963944480768
> The problem with Mastodon and similar programs:
- User identities are attached to domain names controlled by third-parties;
- Server owners can ban you, just like Twitter; Server owners can also block other servers;
- Migration between servers is an afterthought and can only be accomplished if servers cooperate. It doesn't work in an adversarial environment (all followers are lost);
- There are no clear incentives to run servers, therefore they tend to be run by enthusiasts and people who want to have their name attached to a cool domain. Then, users are subject to the despotism of a single person, which is often worse than that of a big company like Twitter, and they can't migrate out;
- Since servers tend to be run amateurishly, they are often abandoned after a while — which is effectively the same as banning everybody;
- It doesn't make sense to have a ton of servers if updates from every server will have to be painfully pushed (and saved!) to a ton of other servers. This point is exacerbated by the fact that servers tend to exist in huge numbers, therefore more data has to be passed to more places more often;
- For the specific example of video sharing, ActivityPub enthusiasts realized it would be completely impossible to transmit video from server to server the way text notes are, so they decided to keep the video hosted only from the single instance where it was posted to, which is similar to the Nostr approach.
https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nostr#very-short-summary-o...
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29749061 (11 months ago)
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33746360 (22 days ago)
> How do I find people to follow?
>
> First, you must know them and get their public key somehow
And here lies the main problem of most of these decentralized alternatives: how do you discover new content? One of the biggest innovation of Twitter was to be able to follow a hashtag-- say #SomeEvent2022 and you see all tweets using that hashtag, not only those of people you follow. This tends to be abused by spamers, but it’s a great way to follow what’s going on at large events or find stuff related to some topic.
The discovery doesn't need to be at protocol level. You can have some servers following large number of accounts, analyze the feed, create a "trending" list and publish that under their own account that you follow. Then you can have second level "trending" servers which aggregate over first level ones if you want even more "trendiness"
Some may want a pure chronological view of posts from people the follow with no algorithm, some may want pure algos a la TikTok.
It seems like the nostr protocol allows for all of this. Users can decide their experience by downloading different client apps.
There's a big difference between creating a protocol that's intended for fully-content-agnostic communication over the Internet (eg, HTTP) and creating a protocol that's specifically intended to be used to build a social network. The latter type needs various features that enable the type of behavior we know people on social networks desire from them. It does not, as you say, necessarily need to encode strong opinions about how content discovery should be done into the protocol at a fundamental level, but it at least needs to acknowledge that that is a thing that will be necessary for any social network to succeed.
I suspect as Mastodon grows, there will be more servers that become popular and will likely host the bulk of people, in much the same way that gmail pulled in the bulk of email users—but it will still be possible to have other “addresses” too. The idea is starting to grow on me.
https://hachyderm.io/@TechConnectify@mas.to/1095298448544650...
> "Imagine you signed up for a sort of reverse-email address where your sent emails landed on a public page that anyone who knew your address could read if they wanted to and even follow you for more."
I think universities should immediately make official instances for students and faculty. At least in academic twitter circles having an official institutional home would probably help a ton with migration; it would feel like a natural place to be.
And it’s waiting for its AOL and Gmail.
Therefore, 'Gmail for Mastodon' would seemingly just swing the pendulum back towards centralization.
Nobody outside a select few want to host their own server. And nobody wants to research which server to join, before they’ve experienced an ounce of product benefit, nor how to back up their data. This was always going to be centralised to a degree. But Gmail/Outlook with some Proton/Fast is distinctly better than Twitter, Musk or no Musk.
email adoption was fast because it was a gamechanger compared to faxes and telegraphs. ISPs offered inboxes, as did universities and offices, years before Hotmail arrived.
Additionally, people got email because they wanted to communicate with friends. People get on social media mostly to escape boredom, not intentionally communicate with stranngers.
The only thing that concerns me is the risk of defederation. Why would anyone want to run an instance if they (and their users) are at the risk of being excluded on the whim of a small and intransparent group of people?
I mean so far moderation on Mastodon seems to work, but it still does not sit right with me that we basically replaced a dictatorship with the (benevolt) oligoply of the group of most popular server's owners.
In the end it's all a matter of trust and it would be good if more organizantions ran their own instances so that we would have bigger plurality of large instances.
Elon Musk has made some dumb moderation calls, but he seems open to changing some of them in response to popular feedback and media pressure. I don’t know if the same is true of those people. If new Twitter bans whoever, odds are high everybody will hear about it, and if they shouldn’t be banned, odds are decent it will be reversed. I’m not sure the same is true for this “oligopoly” for whom few know who they are. Seems even worse than Twitter as far as transparency and accountability goes
https://taylorlorenz.substack.com/p/elon-musk-banned-me-from...
Jacobs has been calling on Musk to ban Lorenz for doxxing her. Maybe he (or his staff) have listened. I’m sure Lorenz knows about this, so when she claims she “doesn’t know” why she was suspended, and implies that it was for asking Musk questions or criticising him, I think people should take that claim with a grain of salt
Besides, isn't any legal content fair game on the new Twitter?
Jacobs argues it did happen on Twitter, because Lorenz and others used Twitter to promote the NYT article in which she doxxed her.
> Besides, isn't any legal content fair game on the new Twitter?
I think when Musk said that, he really meant “ideas” not mere “information”. It might be legal for me to post your home address, but I don’t think that is what he had in mind. I think what he meant was that people with unpopular social/political/etc views should be free to express them if they are legal. Someone’s home address isn’t a social/political/etc view.
So I don’t think banning people for doxxing is really contrary to what he meant when he said that. Now, he actually has gone backward on what he meant - re-banning Kanye for extremely antisemitic posts, implying that extreme antisemitism is not going to be allowed even if legal - but surely it is good he went back on that?
(The problem with banning “non-extreme” antisemitism, is few can agree on where to draw the line - some pro-Israel people claim that anyone who criticises Israel “too much” is being antisemitic, effectively implying that almost all pro-Palestinian activism is antisemitic - but surely we shouldn’t just ban everyone who is pro-Palestinian. On the other hand, few would deny that sometimes, some pro-Palestinian activists do get “carried away” and veer into more clearly antisemitic territory. But how far is too far? Reasonable people can disagree. This is why I think it is okay to ban clearcut cases of extreme antisemitism, like Ye, but trying to ban every possible instance of it is not sensible.)
I don't want to be too glib, because your technical concerns are legitimate and well-argued. But... have you actually tried using it?
It works fine! It doesn't work as well as Twitter and has rough edges, but at this point it's well past the "will it work?" stage. There are real people there posting real content and engaging in real ways. If Twitter were to disappear tomorrow, people could all just move over and... it would be fine.
So it's OK to criticize, but the idea that it's somehow fatally flawed seems weird to me. It works fine.
You can move accounts to a different server if you stop liking where you're at, which is a feature nobody has elsewhere it seems.
I view Mastodon as if Twitter, a Microblogging platform, and IRC had a child.
Let's take the reverse tack though, and agree with your opinion that it's a clusterfuck. Twitter should be threatened by Mastodon because they're losing users to it in spite of all those "problems".
Personally, I think we should have this stuff regulated. We have power, mail, phones, internet, etc but most of the internet just isn't. Which seems really odd considering that for most people their Outlook/Google email is far more important to them than their postal mail but can be taken away from them because they emailed a photo to a doctor. Your revenue generating Twitter account can be suspended because you tweeted something some random person just didn't like with no real recourse. YouTube is probably the worse for kneecapping people's livilhoods over dodgy claims.
Decenteralized just seems like it'll be a pain for me to find stuff. And instead of being held hostage by a big company with policies and processes and money to sue them. You're being held hostage by some random guy who may decide he doesn't like being connected to a certain network and all of sudden you've got to create a new account somewhere else.
infosec.exchange can talk to and see content in mastodon.social
without those things, it's easier to just run out of stuff and people to see, and end up in a place where you're caught up with things, and new people aren't entering your circle, and the activity just stops. well, it is also unlikely, because people just do stuff and mix other people in, but it's easier to end up in that static state, when you don't get suggestions in other ways.
at least there are reblogs. but there's also no option to filter those out right in someone's profile. so it's gonna get real annoying if those are gonna be the only way for someone to push content from somebody else.
Other than that, all of these things are things people can build using the API. I agree they're needed, and I think enough others do that things will get built.
I certainly want to build my own algorithmic feed, because reverse chronology is already a nuisance to me.
Other than that I think what you're describing might well be a good feature for one of the frontends to support. Incidentally, since all of the profile info is available without auth, it's also possible to build an entirely separate profile browser that could offer that filtering for any profile.
EDIT: Mastodon in fact includes a profile browser for remote profiles; it's just that when logged out it will redirect to the remote profile instead of show the "local view" of it. So if someone wants to build a profile browser like that, all the necessary code for a good starting point is there in Mastodon already. Thought it might well be easier just to do it from scratch.
> Why Twitter should feel threatened by this clusterfuck at all is a mystery to me.
Perhaps because Twitter has metrics on how many times the Mastodon links are posted and followed, and you don't?
Choosing a Mastodon instance is like signing up for an email provider. Email is decentralized and seems to be doing alright.
I picked an instance that was good-sized at 9,000 users with a focus I liked: indieweb.social. That gives me a Local feed of interesting indieweb-related content in addition to my Home feed of people I follow. I didn't have to trust my privacy to an anonymous activist. I know who is running the instance and support it via Patreon.
However, even without a ban from their side, this has really been the last nail in the coffin between me and Twitter. Suspending accounts for posting links to another (open-source) social network is wrong on so many levels that I don't even know where to start listing them.
So I've decided to permanently deactivate my account and say goodbye for good to the stinky fascist shithole that Twitter has become.
It seems to work by blocking connections to the Twitterbot User-Agent while allowing other connections.
Most people don’t really care about this story. They’re just users looking for news, opinions, trending topics, etc. if you don’t follow these types of accounts then you haven’t noticed much change on Twitter.
Honestly if anything I’ve noticed Twitter is probably a bit more fun and interesting now.
When enough of those leave it'll just become Truth Social or Parler. You might personally find that more fun and interesting, depending on your political background, but it'll never sustain the same user base.
But no, he wanted to make a big public outcry out of it, and he's now reaping the consequences.
Live by the cancel, die by the cancel, I guess.
I'm leaving Twitter because it no longer provides me an interesting timeline with content that I care about.
Enough people in my network left (for whatever reason) and that's enough to create a network effect.
I tried blocking musk and other accounts that created what I perceived as just noise I don't care about (I'm not a us resident, I've had enough of your culture war. It was educational and all but I'm also interested in other things!). But that wasn't enough, the Twitter recommendation engine keeps notifying threads about people I don't follow that talk about things I don't care about. Often just because Musk replied (and since I blocked him I don't really notice that until I click to see to details of a hidden post).
It's a shame. I'm not a social media person. I found Twitter to have been a nice low friction way to subscribe to interesting topics and people.
This whole drama has just turned it into a permanent worst version of itself
I wish you luck finding your way back sometime.
A site that famously stated that if they applied their rules equally, they'd have to ban almost all republicans, so they currently don't apply the rules to those?
Twitter is a site where a statement as simple as ACAB, which is legally protected speech [See https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemit...] would get you a ban.
Twitter is as center-right as it gets. If you think twitter is far-left, you're living in an extreme filter bubble.
For every case of ACAB you can find a case of white hate or man hate with loads of retweets left alone or soft-endorsed, with the opposite being flagged for ToS violation. Both those statements are far more dominant among far-left.
Whose world standards? The US left is the European right.
Of course, there exist racists in any country; I don't deny that. However, racism certainly isn't generally accepted here.
This is supported by the fact that the alt-right occupies less than 20% of seats in Parliament (10% in Germany).
Also in Spain where I live is welcoming to lgbt in general, the feminists are all what Americans would consider terf and it's mainstream, actually in power right now - women are women, no prostitution, no to surrogacy, no to porn production.
By the way, Spain is generally considered part of Southern Europe, not Western Europe. [1]
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe#Modern_division...
This is excellent news for women - are they enacting / have they enacted laws to fulfil this?
So, you're wrong on this topic, too.
There the average person doesn't agree that transwomen are women.
Discrimination against trans people for their gender identity is illegal, and the hate speech laws consider gender identity to be a protected category. [0]
It's true that a proportion of the population is conservative and does not agree with this or with LGBTQ rights in general, but that's true of any population.
[0] https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/wp-content/up...
I think this is what they call “gaslighting”.
> Also TIL, <script> works just fine in data:text/html URIs, despite me having NotScript installed... Also remembering that one for later.
This seems pretty concerning to me… I would’ve expected the browser to prevent this somehow. Any security experts able to verify?
Create basically a clone of Twitter, with the same UI and functionality. The goal would be to make transition as seamless as possible. I have no interest in learning about why Mastodon works, why it runs on multiple domains and getting used to its UI. I just want Twitter without Elon.
Make it possible to easily transfer your data, including the people you follow. You would be able to see which of them are on the "new Twitter" and get notified when they switch.
Be inventive in making people convert. Perhaps organize a coordinated switch of many high-profile users to generate a lot of media attention. Or provide incentives such as some sort of ownership share.
It is basically inevitable that eventually this same thing will happen again and we are back in the same place.
This is why Mastodon is enticing. It provides some architectural advantages that mitigate this problem at a fundamental level.
This assumes most people would be able to:
npm install base2048
I think it might be interesting if Mastodon added a function to automatically detect and decode base2048 for browsers in javascript since JS is required to view a Mastodon site anyway. Bots would then have to adopt this logic, rendering most bots useless until they adapt and evolve. But I am not a developer and maybe this is just not possible.Thus mastodon cross-posting and reposting is a proxy for bannable offenses, and therefore a bannable offense.
My first thought is that people running Mastodon wouldn't qualify as data controllers, but I am no expert in GDPR laws.
Here is a chart of CD sales
https://www.statista.com/chart/amp/12950/cd-sales-in-the-us/
You do not see any sharp drop off because of Napster.
My guess: it's an extra indication that Twitter is not a reliable platform to build an audience.
Billionaires are billionaires because they build a product that everybody wants.
That's a pretty wild claim.
This is the fatal flaw for every tyrant. They see the mitigation system as a problem rather than a solution, then their worst instincts get the best of them.
* Tesla's stock is down and they haven't done any innovation in a long time. FSD is a complete failure. Musk's tweets are hurting the brand. People don't want to buy an alt-right electric car and Elon has become the brand.
* Revenue dramatically decreased at Twitter since Musk took over the company. Likely headed towards bankruptcy in the near future.
* Neuralink is a pipe dream that conducts unnecessary experiments that kill animals. He copied all the experiments of the lead academic researcher and passed them off as his own. There is nothing novel about what they have done.
* Boring Co. hasn't built anything of value. In fact, they have backed out of numerous projects.
It's a complete and total dereliction of duty.
There are a LOT of sources on him having worked very long hours at points.
Things are not going fine. Things are on fire. How do you buy a company and immediately lose 50% of the revenue? That is a shocking failure.
Because I remember way back, when journalists would write poor reviews of Tesla, he would go after them... typically accusing them of being compromised in some way, or not really being a journalist.
Then there's the swatting of a tesla wistleblower.
Or when a customer was "rude", he canceled their tesla pre-order.
Or when that tesla employee posted a self driving video of his own car--he fired him.
Or when there was an anonymous blogger that posted negative tesla investment advice, musk tracked him down, and called his employer trying to get him fired.
Im not going to keep going.. there are so many of these dating back a decade. I think the truth is he said what he thought people wanted to hear ("free speech absolutism"), and then once he obtained twitter, who he really is--exceptionally thin skinned--wont let him run it in a principled way.
Not sure why no one mentions his asperger's syndrome because that’s an obvious mastodon in the room.
Elon Musk just _pretends_ to have Asperger's. I know plenty of people on the spectrum, they aren't assholes.
There's also the "Ye's bipolar disorder" effect. Its a challenge I'm sure to have it, but I also know people who are bipolar. Anti-semitism is _NOT_ on the list of symptoms. We can criticize Ye's anti-semetism without making fun of his bipolar / mental illness.
So even _IF_ Elon hada Asperger's (and I'm not convinced he does. I think its all pretend for more clicks / his public relations image), there's nothing about Asperger's that makes you a self-contradicting asshole.
But quickly looking it up it’s a social-oriented disorder. Elon is making dubious social-oriented decisions.
The kinds of dubious social-oriented decisions associated with Asperger's does _NOT_ match what Elon Musk is doing. What he is doing is closer to narcissistic personality disorder and/or sociopathic personality disorder.
Anecdotally, from the Aspergous people I know, they and Elon share a certain kind of body language you pick up on over time. It's a slight fidgeting as if clothes are constantly uncomfortable (likely due to constant stimulation).
Obsessing over some socially unacceptable idea absolutely can be a manifestation of bipolar disorder for some people. Especially when one considers that bipolar can sometimes be associated with psychosis, and obsessive antisemitic/racist/etc thoughts are not uncommon in people with psychosis (famous example: Terry Davis, who I think actually even had a bipolar diagnosis at one point - it is common for people to initially be diagnosed with bipolar before eventually getting a schizophrenia or schizoaffective diagnosis as the psychotic symptoms become more prominent and enduring).
Kanye’s antisemitism is wrong and reprehensible. I can’t tell to what extent it is a symptom of his mental health problems, and I don’t think you really can either: neither of us is a mental health professional, and he is not our patient/client. But simply looking at a list of symptoms, and saying “X is not on it”, is a very ignorant way to approach the topic. Even if his antisemitism is partially due to his bipolar, that doesn’t mean he should just be allowed to get away with it, just like how a bipolar person who commits a crime in a manic state (sometimes happens) doesn’t just get away with it, although it may be appropriate to take that into account as a mitigating factor (as opposed to a “get out of jail free” card)
Similarly, I have no idea whether Musk has ASD. But ASD absolutely can make some people behave in a way which others perceive as being an “asshole”, so if he does have it, those behaviours could well in part be contributed to by it. That’s not saying that everyone with ASD is an “asshole”, or that a person with ASD has no responsibility to try their best to adjust to meet society’s expectations - but isn’t it obvious that a disorder whose symptoms can include difficulty thinking about social situations or understanding social rules, obliviousness to the thoughts and feelings of others, unusual obsessions, etc, can sometimes lead people to behave in ways perceived by others as being an “asshole”, even a failure to adjust one’s behaviour in response to that feedback?
Autistic people do things because they don't understand social norms.
Sociopaths do things because they don't _care_ about social norms.
There's a difference, and I can tell the difference. It is in a sociopath's best interest to pretend that they're autistic by the way.
ASD can be a mixture of both not understanding and not caring. Sociopathy is all about the later without any of the former.
Sociopathy, is often pointed out as an advantage in that situation. You rise above others in the social ladder and punch down your competitors. And we're seeing this behavior right now as Elon Musk is utilizing his powers to try to silence his critics (Mastodon).
Autism on the other hand, is a disadvantage in most leadership roles.
When we consider Elon Musk's role in society (leading corporations), he is far more likely to be a sociopath, rather than autistic. When we look at his behavior (punching down on Mastodon), its closer to sociopathy.
When we consider Musk's behavior in the past few weeks, it has more similarities to Narcissistic collapse than anything else I've heard of.
That said, a person as successful as Musk is, is more likely to have BAP (broad autism phenotype, subclinical ASD) than clinical ASD. BAP means one has some degree of autistic traits, but is insufficiently disabled by them to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis
Sociopathy isn’t a DSM-5 diagnosis - antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is. Diagnostic criteria for ASPD include a history of criminally antisocial behaviour (animal abuse, vandalism, violence, theft, etc), evident by age of 15. It also requires evidence to support a retrospective conduct disorder diagnosis prior to 15. I see zero evidence that is true of Musk. When psychiatrists evaluate someone for ASPD, they aren’t looking for mere allegations of questionable business ethics, they expect to see a criminal record, history of school expulsion, imprisonment or juvenile detention, someone repeatedly being fired for proven serious workplace misconduct, someone who refuses to seek gainful employment despite being capable of it, dishonourable discharge from armed services, domestic violence, physical and emotional abuse of children, serious child neglect resulting in malnutrition, use of aliases or false identities to commit fraud, etc
Indeed. So we can stop with the Asperger's claim? But if the can of worms is open, I'm more than willing to contribute my 2-cents instead.
> I see zero evidence that is true of Musk.
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/antisocial-perso...
* exploit, manipulate or violate the rights of others
https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/tesla-faces-california-l...
* lack concern, regret or remorse about other people's distress
https://www.tmz.com/2022/06/20/elon-musk-daughter-name-chang...
* behave irresponsibly and show disregard for normal social behaviour
* have difficulty sustaining long-term relationships
Check. Pretty much every girlfriend Musk has had has dumped him at this point.
* be unable to control their anger
https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-reportedly-head-bu...
* lack guilt, or not learn from their mistakes
* blame others for problems in their lives
Do I even need to point this one out?
* repeatedly break the law
https://news.bloomberglaw.com/securities-law/elon-musk-loses...
Do you think Elon Musk is complying with his legal obligations for a Twitter sitter right now?
> A. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following: ...
> B. The individual is at least age 18 years.
> C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.
> D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Now, to be diagnosed with ASPD, a person must meet all of A, B, C and D. You seem to be focusing on criterion A. Even supposing you are right that he meets criterion A – where is the evidence for him meeting criterion C? You can't diagnose someone with ASPD without evidence for the onset of a diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) as a child/adolescent. It isn't necessary that they be diagnosed with CD contemporaneously, it is acceptable to have retrospective evidence for it based on school records, parent interviews, their own recollections, etc – but, without evidence for onset of a CD diagnosis in childhood/adolescence, you cannot have an ASPD diagnosis in adulthood. Do we have any evidence that Musk met the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder in childhood/adolescence?
Is there any good evidence that Musk exhibited at least three of the following behaviours (conduct disorder criterion A, pages 469-470) prior to age 15?
Aggression to People and Animals
1. Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others.
2. Often initiates physical fights.
3. Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun).
4. Has been physically cruel to people.
5. Has been physically cruel to animals.
6. Has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery).
7. Has forced someone into sexual activity.
Destruction of Property
8. Has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage.
9. Has deliberately destroyed others’ property (other than by fire setting).
Deceitfulness or Theft
10. Has broken into someone else’s house, building, or car.
11. Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., “cons” others).
12. Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering: forgery).
Serious Violations of Rules
13. Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years.
14. Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in the parental or parental surrogate home, or once without returning for a lengthy period.
15. Is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 yearsA, B, and D are fully set in my mind. The only question is one of personal history that obviously I don't have.
I really doubt any actual psychiatrist or psychologist would diagnose Musk with ASPD in a clinical setting. Psychiatric diagnoses aren't just about reading a list of symptoms and matching them – you need to understand how professionals interpret that list in practice (the "clinical gestalt", as it is sometimes called). If you actually study the literature on ASPD, you'll find people like Musk are not the targets of the diagnosis. Indeed, the DSM-5 says (p. 662):
> Antisocial personality disorder appears to be associated with low socioeconomic status and urban settings
Musk is not now and has never been a person of "low socioeconomic status", which is the group of people in which ASPD is usually diagnosed.
Here's some more traits of ASPD, according to the DSM-5 (p. 661):
> They may be irresponsible as parents, as evidenced by malnutrition of a child, an illness in the child resulting from a lack of minimal hygiene, a child's dependence on neighbors or nonresident relatives for food or shelter, a failure to arrange for a caretaker for a young child when the individual is away from home, or repeated squandering of money required for household necessities
Musk is no candidate for "Father of the Year", but there is zero evidence his children are malnourished, extremely unhygienic, lack appropriate adult supervision, lack sufficient financial support, etc. That is describing the behaviour of low socioeconomic status bad parents, high socioeconomic status individuals may often be bad parents, but rarely in such a grossly physical way.
> These individuals may receive dishonorable discharges from the armed services, may fail to be self-supporting, may become impoverished or even homeless, or may spend many years in penal institutions
That doesn't sound like Musk either.
Some other common traits of ASPD (back to page 660):
> Irresponsible work behavior may be indicated by significant periods of unemployment despite available job opportunities, or by abandonment of several jobs without a realistic plan for getting another job. There may also be a pattern of repeated absences from work that are not explained by illness either in themselves or in their family. Financial irresponsibility is indicated by acts such as defaulting on debts, failing to provide child support, or failing to support other dependents on a regular basis
When they said "financial irresponsibility", a centibillionaire wasting $44 billion on a whim is not what they had in mind. They mean the parent who can't afford food for their children because they spent all their money on some inessential goods. None of Musk's children are going to starve, even if he stupidly loses $100 billion more.
> Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to be irritable and aggressive and may repeatedly get into physical fights or commit acts of physical assault (including spouse beating or child beating)
Haven't heard about Musk getting in to physical fights or committing physical assault.
People want to whitewash mental illness because mental illness can be scary and uncomfortable. There’s this concept of destigmatizing mental illness by pretending all sorts of bad behavior are somehow not associated with mental illness. This is often done to make people with minor mental illness feel less stigmatized but ironically can increase the stigma around people with more severe mental illness since now it’s not mental illness, they’re just a terrible terrible person.
Yes, psychosis absolutely can cause people to be antisemitic, racist, violent, etc. This should almost be obvious. But because it opens up difficult conversations about accountability, and because people with minor mental illness want sympathy without stigma, people like to pretend otherwise.
I see what you did there
Besides I thought we weren't calling it Asperger's anymore
I'd offer the alternative view: it's a bit sad to watch someone who once had the motivation and means to build flying cars get obsessed by 140 characters. The Twitter purchase feels less like his road to being the next Trump and more like Howard Hughes' passion for Vegas.
I would describe it as what happens when existing personality traits are met by a bunch of sycophants. He’s been like this for as long as he’s been on the public stage, got worse as his wealth grew and social feedback for bad choices lessened, but now he has a bunch of alt-right types cheering on his every move so he’s not only getting positive feedback but it’s coordinated in one direction.
It’s like the difference between someone having alcohol problems and someone having alcohol problems when all of their friends are barflies and they just bought a bar.
While in general I am very permissive and I hate imposition on my individual freedoms, I am increasingly convinced that leveling of playing field is necessary. You reach an upper limit of say 'five small islands' and you start seeing major increase in tax burden. As you can undoubtedly tell, I am no tax expert, but I am tired of this prince equivalent of our times. Wait, not princes ( princes had some structures that kept them somewhat in check ). Maybe robber barons is a better comparison. US managed to get them under control once, but that required a world war II. I am honestly not sure we can repeat that approach this time.
<< Well now we're going to see what extremism looks like when a far more competent person is orchestrating it.
I would hesitate to characterize Trump as incompetent. He and Musk share some qualities and note that both of them managed to use the existing system to their advantage better than an average person ( leaving for a moment the above average starting point for both ). Still, fool and his money is soon parted and notice that both of them manage to screw everyone they interact with ( but themselves ), which indicates some level of competency. Unfortunately, that competency is focused only one thing.
In short, I disagree. Twitter saga is just better documented. WH by necessity is harder to properly scrutinize ( despite all the leaks and media attention ).
It’s an interesting question but if you’re hoping for a ‘no’ answer, Musk is a pretty mild test case. For all his failings, he hasn’t used his personal wealth for anything that bad. Far worse is done by corporations and governments (and actual princes).
In fact, I’m not sure individualistic supervillainy actually happens all that much. Being bad at scale is still a team effort.
The part that annoys me is ( as you indicated ) that Musk actually did bring into being some rather neat stuff ( Tesla comes to mind -- I hate that he made car into subscription, but I love that he moved the entire industry 20 years ahead ). I probably need to qualify that statement. Like with most people, I like some of the things he did. I dislike some of the things he did.
To your point, with corporation at least that power is somewhat distributed and each individual is a ( mild, but still ) check on the other. You raise a good point though and I wonder if billionaire class overshadowed pan-nationals for me for some reason.
I do not want to assume too much though. Would you be willing to elaborate a little? It is difficult to argue Musk is not competent at his various roles. Are you saying he was guaranteed to be where he is now?
Once someone has a lot of money, it becomes very difficult for them to decrease their wealth as capitalism rewards people/institutions that have lots of money and/or influence. If you have money available to purchase your way into owning various companies, then it's not too difficult to keep those companies alive though I would say that Musk has made some good decisions as to which companies to buy. I would consider that Tesla became successful partly due to a new potential market (which Musk should get some credit for spotting) and partly due to reaping the benefits from all the workers there - it's their talents that are making Tesla profitable and Musk is merely ensuring that he doesn't pay them sufficiently so that he can increase his own wealth.
Billionaires benefit from their own lack of morals more than being spectacularly competent.
The journalists simply pointed out that ElonJet was using public data from the FAA. So no, its not considered doxxing. All airplanes must be tracked, otherwise there's a chance that they'll crash into each other.
If you don't like that, then maybe don't fly in a private jet all the time. Share your jet with others. Or God forbid, use a cheaper, more efficient, better-for-the-environment electric vehicle.
And Musk is blaming it for an incident that he claims to have occurred on Tuesday: https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603190155107794944
An incident that was so serious that to this date, no crime report has been filed to the LAPD: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FkD6LcVWIAEr-cC?format=jpg&name=... (and curiously, the reporter who first reported this fact was suspended from Twitter shortly thereafter).
And it's been more than 24 hours since he said "Accounts who doxxed my location will have their suspension lifted now."[0], but elonjet and sweeney's main account are still suspended though...
[0]: https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603982891179839488
There’s layers of irony here. All the “libs” who were supposedly pro censorship ran off to the actual free speech zone. The Fediverse is almost uncensorable since you can hop instances or just run your own.
There is a difference though. It has no algorithm that boosts “engaging” content like craziness, hate, and trolling. I’ve always thought that what the far right was so mad about was loss of a free propaganda ploy that involved baiting the algorithm. You can always have free speech in a million places but a free promotion machine isn’t easily replaceable.
Of course the worst excesses of “cancel culture” were also driven by the algorithm. Moral outrage mobs increase engagement just like racism and wacko conspiracy theories do.
I personally hope centralized all encompassing social media burns. It’s driven all the craziest excesses everywhere.
Whomever admins the system owns the system. True for any Mastodon instance and true for Twitter.
Sure he has the right to do so, but it makes him a liar and a hypocrite.
That said; many of us also thought Kanye shouldn’t have been banned. Few on hacker news agreed lol
You either have absolute freedom of speech or none, in many ways.
That said, I appreciate that at least people are being told why they are banned. The prior set of billionaires who owned Twitter often wouldn’t say why.
Blocking links to competitors, blocking real-time tracking of people, and a guy telling the world how great hitler is are fairly mundane / reasonable things to block imo.
This is not even true. "i did not delete anything. i received no notification about which tweet got me suspended. i still have no idea" https://twitter.com/MattBinder/status/1604227164416925696
Also, interesting to see you on HN (didn’t realize you were in the tech space). I saw you on Tim Pools show, recognized the name
I am not Matt Binder. I just linked to his tweet.
I don’t view that dude as overly credible.
I personally have seen most people receiving a clear explanation. Previously, I’d had accounts banned without ANY explanation. I’m still suppressed in comment responses for some reason (on a different account)
I don't think there is such a thing as absolute freedom of speech. Speech always has some limitations, and that's never been controversial. Threats, blackmail, libel, discussing plans to commit a crime, those have always been illegal in some way.
But at the same time, Twitter/Musk banning people is also protected by the First Amendment. He is not the government, and the government can't compel him to allow or ban people on his platform.
Well, unless his platform is considered a utility or a monopoly. Then it becomes a different issue. And especially banning competitors could be anticompetitive behaviour.
In the case where all of the normal options are gone, sure, you're fucked. But in 99.9% of cases, you do have options to migrate.
Mastodon has options. You are given control, even notionally. Twitter doesn't even pretend to give you options. If you're banned, fuck you, that's it. If a billionaire buys the platform, fuck you, that's it.
If a mastodon server starts going downhill, you have options. If a mastodon admin goes off the rails, you have options. If dama happens and the server defederates from another, you still have options.
Mastodon gives you more opportunity and choice in all circumstances. There is no escape hatch for Facebook or Twitter, if something goes wrong you're just fucked. There isn't even a live person you could hypothetically talk to about it.
Sure, mastodon has problems. The exchange is that it's a truly free service without adversiments, algorithms, or coerced engagement. You don't generate money for the platform owner. That comes with risks, and you have options to deal with that risk.
Whether or not you like those options is entirely irrelevant. The options exist on mastodon, they do not exist on Twitter.
Mastadon's original account was suspended for breaking the new TOS for linking to content that was in violation (the jet tracker), which then prompted many other people to break the TOS.
I suspect there is some algorithm that twitter has had for many years that checks:
IF link is highly associated with TOS violation, THEN flag content as "potentially harmful".
Yet, it's really funny how so many on HN, the vanguard of startups among news aggregators, rather continue to fanboy Musk than engage in brainstorming opportunities the Fediverse and ActivityPub offer.
> Something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot.
Twitter is not letting me share this information!
Would it be accurate to call this censorship or a quick and dirty solution against accounts trying to evade TOS?
Framing the Mastodon filter by omitting that context is insincere. This type of insincerity is fairly typical in politics (which this entire ordeal is).
I don't think YouTube has ever claimed to be a public town square or a desire for free speech absolutism.
No, he can't violate anti-trust (or any other) laws.
Of course it is and regulators will come down that way as it's even more blatant anti-competitive behavior than many other cases in the past.
People have been tweeting links ElonJet trackers on Mastodon instances (including the official @joinmastodon account!), getting both themselves and the target Mastodon instance domains flagged. This is edgelord behaviour.
Twitter's policy is simple - do not dox people with real-time location information. Elon's jet has a PIA which limits legal use of broadcast ADS-B information (https://nbaa.org/aircraft-operations/security/privacy/privac...). Those tracker accounts are using non-public information.
Jack Sweeney, the guy who runs ElonJet, is on record saying he'll stop tracking if paid money. This is extortion. That is why Elon is pursuing legal action against him.
The only criticism I believe one can make here is that Elon's personal involvement (albeit brought on by attacks on himself and his family) has meant Twitter's moderation team has made enforcement of this particular ToS violation a priority. I agree that the solution to Twitter's previous bias is not more bias, and I look forward to Elon & the Twitter team coming up with a better solution for this.
Unfortunately left-minded techies have uncritically jumped on this narrative of Elon cravenly blocking Mastodon links because 'he feels threatened by it'. Just because someone has been very successful does not mean it is legitimate to mistreat them.
This is a novel Twitter policy interpretation and everyone knows it. It’s par for the course for Twitter. But it’s hypocritical of Musk to be doing it.
> Elon's jet has a PIA which limits legal use of broadcast ADS-B information
No, it does not. It lets operators rotate their aircraft address. Elon didn’t. He held the phone wrong.
If the FAA wanted to restrict the use of this information, it wouldn’t be publishing it.
Since I made this comment, Twitter announced their new Third Party Social Media policy, and it looks terrible and unnecessary.
https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/social-platfo...
I'd think it will be effective for 90%+ of people trying to link to where they're leaving. This evasion manual will not be seen or understood by an average user.
The average user's exposure to any of that is minimum, and they're not about to abandon their twitter clout for some unknown platform.
Also, is there a way to do this where they won't be able to patch? Maybe alternate domain names for these known domain names that are being blocked, similar to what thePirateBay did.
https://www.theonion.com/new-decoy-website-launched-to-lure-...
While I’m no Elon fan, he’s entitled to do what he wants with what he owns. And he paid a bunch of money to have that right.
> difficult for you to switch to a competitor
Do you not see the self-contradiction in your own comments?
In other words, the so-called "simple answer" is not so simple if you can't even post your Mastodon link on your Twitter profile.
As has been said already many times, the debate is not whether he has the legal authority to do this, the debate is over his hypocrisy of claiming free speech absolutism.
The reason Musk bought Twitter was to rid it of the type of behavior you frequently see on m6n. It's a direct competitor to Twitter. Twitter is a commercial product and needs to maintain its users and revenue. It'd be foolish for it to amplify a coordinated attacked on its existence by the very people who very publicly advocate for the destruction of Twitter.
I'm sure many people will do their best to minimize the influence of these cult-like echo chambers with negative contribution to society.