US annual inflation declines to 7.1% in November vs. 7.3% expected
bls.gov
bls.gov
I'm not saying this conventional wisdom is wrong, but it's not obviously right.
Groceries, sure, but then as a consumer you are still impacted because suppliers are less likely to provide the goods you want.
Deflation is really bad. One of the consequences of the gold standard was the big swings (inflationary after a big gold strike, like California' Yukon, or Victoria; deflationary when the gold supply could not keep up with economic activity) that you can easily see in the second half of the 19th century.
Businesses don't collectively decide to reduce prices month after month out of generosity. They do it because the economy is in a position where none of them are selling enough at the current price. If everyone is selling less stuff at lower prices, then sooner or later the problem becomes the employees'...
So, I'm with you. I've had it explained to me many times, and it still doesn't make much sense to me. I'm going to buy cars / houses / investments / goods / services when I need them and can afford them-- not based on speculation about their future prices (well, except for investments, if I have some magic insight).
From a business perspective, I've been involved in many purchasing decisions and never once was "it might be cheaper or more expensive in the future" a part of the decision making process.
It really feels like "deflation is bad" is an economic theory that should be tested. Yes. We've had deflationary shocks, and those were bad, but that was because a) it was a shock rather than a gradual slope and b) it usually followed a period of marked excess. I'm not convinced that deflation itself was the enemy as much as the other ancillary issues. It's hard to disentangle that, though.
Think about the prevalence of sales, and their impact on moving goods. If you need a TV, but the need is not urgent, you (okay, not you, but most people) might wait for the New Year's sales in a couple of weeks to save a few bucks. Same with cars and other appliances. Or people look for a coupon code to save some money.
If sales and coupons make sense, consumer decision making in deflationary environments should also make sense. If you don't understand why people wait for sales to purchase things, you may want to talk to some working-class people to understand what it is like to not have enough money to buy everything you need immediately when you need it.
> it was a shock
Japan has been in a gradually deflating environment for decades.
This will obviously not mean skipping eating, but will manifest more as fewer "special" meals like steak or lobster or whatever.
> a fridge, a new roof
If you are a homeowner, you know that most equipment failures are a decision to either repair or replace. In a deflationary environment, owners will bias toward patching things as long as they can. (The opposite is true in an inflationary environment.)
> a new car
You may be extremely fortunate. Most people would try to make it through (say) a year of public transit/rideshare/etc. if they could save (say) 8% on a car. Average price of a new car in 2022 is ~$48k; saving 8% on that is something like half a month's pay at the average American salary, which is larger than the annual raises most people get at even good jobs, even in good times. Don't underestimate the sacrifice people will make to earn another few hundred $/mo.
So if we live more sustainably, the economic system colapses?
Is that a bug or a feature?
I just had my landlord throw away the dishwasher because replacing the tiny pump was not worth the effort. Myfriend threw away a fridge because replacing a single part, the compressor, was not worth the trouble.
[1] https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/25/inflation-japan-deflati...
This may be the misconception that is driving this. Nothing will be cheaper ( decrease in price ). It will simply not appreciate in price as much ( price will increase less ).
<< When everyone slows spending at once, it can lead to severe a recession or depression.
Agreed, especially in US where consumer spending drives the economy.
Still, in US, for better or worse, a lot of personal wealth is stored in real estate ( which also manages to explain some US idiosyncrasies ). Deflation would 'destroy' equity for owners of that real estate so a lot is regularly being done to keep the housing prices high and even more to keep them from going lower.
It is not bad in itself. Frankly, I personally see deflation as a way of economy correction, but that is one person that has limited exposure to some of those pressures. But deflation is not what is happening here. Deflation would be a negative inflation rate ( and that is not the case ).
Now..there are few other angles to consider. Higher inflation means our debt is 'worth' less; deflation means it is worth 'more'. If you owe a million dollars in an environment, where an average house costs a million dollars, it is likely that it becomes the norm ( and it is technically good for the borrower ). Interestingly, some would argue US was actually trying to inflate their way out of its staggering debt.
There are also import/export considerations for companies that operate in that space ( as you also noted ), but I am hardly an expert ( or even that interested in that subject ).
I strongly recommend you review the definition of deflation.
> Higher inflation means our debt is 'worth' less
Inflation is a huge benefit to the debtor class, which includes most homeowners. The rhetorical tactic of focusing on high gas prices brilliantly misdirects people from asking the relevant question of why their wages aren't increasing at the same rate as inflation. Once wages catch up to this recent bout of inflation (they eventually will), most consumers will be much better off than if the inflation had never happened.
It is possible I am working with old mental models, but first search result defines it as:
"Deflation is a fall in the overall level of prices in an economy and an increase in the purchasing power of the currency. It can be driven by an increase in productivity and the abundance of goods and services, by a decrease in total or aggregate demand, or by a decrease in the supply of money and credit."
If prices increase ( albeit at a lower rate ), it is still inflation ( especially if purchasing power stays where it is, which it typically would ).
Can you elaborate on your thought process? It is possible I am misreading something.
<< Once wages catch up to this recent bout of inflation (they eventually will), most consumers will be much better off than if the inflation had never happened.
Um.. I think I have to categorize that statement as wishful thinking. Federal minimum wage remains very low and even recent attempts to update it were shot down. I think 'eventually' is doing a lot of heavy lifting here ( it likely is true, but the time horizon on that statement is fairly long ).
I am open to discussion, but I am not convinced at this time.
[1]https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/03091...
The first part of that sentence says that prices decrease. They do not increase at a lower rate, they actually fall in deflation. Deflation is negative inflation, if you want to think of it that way. Deflation is _not_ small positive inflation.
Since we are on a tech-focused site, the best example is that tech goods are typically deflationary. 1 TB of SSD costs less than it did 3 years ago. Imagine this happening to everything in the economy and you understand deflation.
The second part is maybe confusing you:
> increase in the purchasing power of the currency.
This says that if I have $100 and a good costs $10 today, I can buy 10 of them. If prices decrease (because this is deflation, prices go down) and now the good is $5, I can buy 20 of them with the same $100. The purchasing power of my $100 has increased.
> I think I have to categorize that statement as wishful thinking.
Average US wage in 1970 was about $6,200 (per year!). Then inflation spiked, prices rose on everything. Eventually that filtered back into the labor market because nobody will work if the wage won't buy food at the newly inflated prices. This will happen again, but it will take longer due to labor generally having less power in today's economy vs that of 1970. This will happen whether or not the minimum wage increases, but more of necessity -- laborers will not come to jobs that don't pay their bills.
The original if clause may be true( "If the expectation is that everything will be cheaper next month than this month, that creates an incentive for everyone (and every business) to delay purchases as long as possible (because they will save money buying in the future"), but it is not applicable to the current environment as we are not experiencing deflation, but inflation. As in, business are not expecting lower cheaper ( lower prices ). They will be expecting less high prices. If they will curtail spending it is because got prohibitively expensive. If anything, they will save money buy stocking up, while the price is low. I personally think your interpretation model for what is happening is off here.
Hope that makes more sense now.
Let me see if I can sum up the main argument until now:
You post >> If the expectation is that everything will be cheaper next month than this month, that creates an incentive for everyone (and every business) to delay purchases as long as possible (because they will save money buying in the future).
I post >> [ but ] Nothing will be cheaper ( decrease in price ) [ next month ]
You post >> I strongly recommend you review the definition of deflation.
I post >> "Deflation is a fall in the overall level of prices in an economy and an increase in the purchasing power of the currency. It can be driven by an increase in productivity and the abundance of goods and services, by a decrease in total or aggregate demand, or by a decrease in the supply of money and credit."
You post >> "Deflation is negative inflation, if you want to think of it that way. Deflation is _not_ small positive inflation."
I post >> this post since we seem to saying the same thing so I revisit initial assumptions
You may want to join the top-level thread, which is about the current inflationary environment.
If you're driving at 120 mph and tap the brakes, that's different than driving the speed limit and braking, the latter is much more likely to cause a traffic jam.
I don't understand the magical thinking often demonstrated in these threads. Just because it sounds plausible, that doesn't necessarily mean its true.
I have no faith in central banks to engineer a perfect landing, that's not the argument, it's simply that the concept of "deflation = bad" is not necessarily a universal truth.
But we aren't in normal economic times. We're coming off (or, at 7+%, still experiencing) a period of ultra-high inflation (for the US) where prices seem to be rising out of control, where credit card debt is increasing rapidly. If prices were to fall, say 2% in 2023, I think that would be preferable for almost every consumer than prices continuing to rise even further. And the idea that the economy would grind to a halt and sink into recession as people delay purchases hoping for another 1% drop in prices, is pretty absurd.
2. If a building is on fire, the goal is not to make the building a meat locker for a few months/years to "compensate" for the fire. The goal is to put the fire out and return to a normal temperature.
Well, you do put out fires with a CO2 file extinguisher blasting at 50 or 60 below zero.
> let's not catastrophize here.
Minus 2 percent inflation would be closer to the "Fed target" than the recent 7-8% we have been experiencing. The idea that many of you are trying to push, that deflation of any kind is a guaranteed financial disaster, that's the hyperbole that ought to be suppressed.
There’s a reason n=1 samples aren't usually the basis for general descriptions of behavioral trends.
Also think about how tricky itd be to manage a business. Your supply is getting less expensive in $ terms monthly, but also the value of your goods in the market is going down each month. Weird situation.
(There's also an error in assigning unit purchases like washing machines as a proxy for consumer behavior: consumers select within a purchasing category more frequently that then opt out of categories. In other words: deflation and inflation can determine how much you're willing to spend on a washing machine, rather than breaking your commitment to already purchase one.)
Consider yourself extremely fortunate to be able to manage your purchases this way, but also consider that this is not the norm.
Lets say I buy a house for $500,000. I put $25,000 down and get a mortgage for $475,000. Then deflation hits. It's not just that my house becomes worth less in dollar terms (though it does), but also that I'm paying my mortgage with more expensive dollars. (In a real deflation, your salary can decrease.) That hurts. Some people lose their houses. The mortgage holders sell the houses for what they can get, which does two things. It drives down the price of houses. Also, it decreases the amount of dollars that are theoretically in the economy, so dollars become more valuable, and the deflation continues. Historically, this has caused enormous amounts of damage, wiping out businesses and families.
Now, 1% deflation this month won't do any of that. The problem is that the deflation can gain momentum and be very difficult to stop (similar to inflation in fact, but deflation can happen faster). So the Fed prefers to stay away from deflation, preferring something like 2% inflation to give them a bit of margin to work with. And they've been nervous since 2008 because they couldn't get back up to 2% inflation.
Beyond that it's an issue for investors. Interest rates have a nominal lower bound at 0% (because you can always just hold money instead of lending it) so the minimum real interest rate becomes effectively the rate of deflation. So imagine that deflation is 4% and I have a use of capital with a real rate of return of 3%. It won't get funded because investors can achieve a higher real return (4%) by just sitting on capital instead of investing it.
The purpose of money is to facilitate mutually beneficial transactions. When the money supply contracts, the "price" of money goes up. People are incentivized to hoard money for the sake of hoarding money, which adds friction to mutually beneficial transactions. This causes a feedback loop, which leads to even more deflation and even less economic activity.
Since covid, whole industries in retail, food and travel have shut down almost completely.
Also by using inflation to deteriorate savings and cash on hand, it encourages people to invest their money into something that won't lose value over time.
We're fairly convinced that deflation is an effect rather than the cause, but nobody's really 100% sure that it's 100% effect and that deflation doesn't make things worse, so we try and avoid it.
Edit: Meaning that, presumably, you like being paid. So you probably don't want to incentivize being paid less, or not at all. Deflation does both of those things.
A deflationary economy would be a drastic change from the system we operate under now but I don't think it would be all bad. Maybe in a deflationary economy people would feel like they could actually save money. Or it could put an end to the 40 hour work week. I doubt demand of necessities would change much in a deflationary environment: food, medicine, shelter, etc.
Personally, long term I am perfectly willing to accept that deflation is a bad thing for society, but at this time? We should welcome deflation with open arms. Things are way out of whack already and decent price correction is needed for just about everything.
https://www.stlouisfed.org/open-vault/2019/january/fed-infla...
This is an absurd claim. Nobody seriously considering mattress vs CD (or bonds in a low rate environment like we had 2008-2020) is swayed by a return of less than a couple percent. It is a security vs liquidity vs trust calculation, not a return based one.
Furthermore, as the other commenter points out, rates are correlated but not necessarily in lock step with inflation. The rate on your savings account is probably still sub 1% (although bonds have gone up).
It isn't the most up-to-date data and survey results are always a little questionable, but here is some data from 2015[1]:
>A new survey of more than 1,800 people from the American Express Spending and Savings Tracker, however, found that 43% of Americans keep their savings in cash. An alarming 53% of those cash-hoarders "plan to hide bills in a secret location at home."
Those numbers are big enough that even if they are way off, there is still a sizable number of people who are holding onto their savings in physical cash. That would go up if there was no inflation.
[1] - https://www.businessinsider.com/americans-hide-money-under-t...
They’re only linked due to rehypothecation of money supply which is a problem in an of itself. But it gets a little complex to explain.
Edit: my brain skipped over the ‘cash’ part and assumed ‘risk free’ interest would still be collected.
The real interest rate is the nominal interest rate minus inflation. When there is inflation, the real interest rate for holding cash is negative. When there is no inflation, that real interest rate is 0%. The disincentive to holding cash disappears and therefore more people hold cash.
Yes.
> When there is inflation, the real interest rate for holding cash is negative.
No. This assumes nominal interest rate stays constant which it very much will not do.
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032415/what-differe...
> Disinflation occurs when price inflation slows down temporarily [...] Prices do not drop during periods of disinflation
Am I misunderstanding?
I disagree that people have to speculate to keep up with inflation. Maybe this is true in the short term (although individual savers in America can purchase inflation-protected savings bonds in exchange for their capital being locked up for a year), but over terms of several years stock markets are incredibly durable in the face of even high inflation. Investing your ample savings in a portfolio of index funds and owning the house you occupy should keep you well ahead of inflation over your lifetime.
There is a segment in USA who are basically permanent renters and don't have the luxury of extra money to put in to stocks and bonds. They might "own" a car as their asset, and it rapidly loses value. If they have extra money in their checking account, the ex and child support enforcement go after it.
I am privileged in many ways, and I agree that such a class exists and is growing. I’m in my twenties and almost everyone I know is a flat-broke renter.
I did not mean to imply that everyone can easily save and invest their way to wealth regardless of their economic situation - this is ludicrous and anyone suggesting otherwise is out of touch.
My clarified points are as follows:
1) Prudent savers, who by definition have extra money at the end of the month, are not better off due to deflation because the prudent thing to do with spare money is not to leave all of it in cash. Most non-cash non-fixed-income assets do terribly under deflationary conditions.
2) Homeowners, who are still a majority of American adults, definitely do not benefit from deflation. Homes are one of the assets that do terribly in deflation.
3) Many people, including me, believe that deflation drives up unemployment by chilling consumption. This is another argument why deflation is not good for savers - many of them lose the ability to save when their income evaporates.
4) Speculation is not necessarily to make any money left over keep up inflation in the long run. In the short run, outside of Series I bonds, good luck.
Part of our disagreement might be in the definition of the term “saver”. To me, this is someone with both the inclination and means to have a surplus each month. Others might include someone with the inclination who might not have the means. Among that group, some folks might be better off if their income is flat but their cost of living decreases as that allows a budget surplus.
This is true for the overall price level, but some things did get cheaper: energy (MoM) and used vehicles (MoM and YoY). Minor nit, granted.
Earlier this year we were getting offers from dealerships (so, they'd still expect a profit margin on top) to buy a car that was used when we bought it, and that we've driven for a further three years, for like 10% more than we paid for it back when it had way fewer miles and a few less years on it. I've never seen a car appreciate, even in unadjusted dollars, before.
Also remember that this is a 12-month trailing figure that’s been falling for several months because monthly inflation has been low since Jul (it was actually 0.0 in July, with seasonable adjustments, and below 0.4% [4.9% annualized] every month since, with the November figure 0.1% [1.2% anuualized.])
> It doesn’t mean anything’s getting any cheaper.
Actually, it is a result of lots of things getting cheaper: energy (all the major components, both commodities and services), used cars and trucks, transportation, and medical care services.
for anybody "out of the loop", that would be deflation and it's pretty unlikely (unless I'm wrong)
we as consumers would have to "stand up to" the corporations who are setting the prices, stop buying their products so much to the point where they have to conclude "our prices are too high, we're losing sales, let's lower them"
I could be wrong but I'm pretty sure the chances of that happening are low? would love to hear from somebody more in the know
Then, people start working for less money because they have to. Prices drop, and it creates a positive feedback loop because anybody that does have money is going to hold onto it while its buying power increases daily.
> The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) rose 0.1 percent in November on a seasonally adjusted basis, after increasing 0.4 percent in October, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today.
This might be a sobering sentiment but US inflation is still out of control. ideal inflation is 2% and policy handbrakes like increases in the prime rate are too little too late as we should have sought percentage point increases a year ago as opposed to the fractional increments we saw last november. Arguably the half-percent model of increase was a dismal failure even when it was rolled out four months early in March to market and all we're left with is chest-thumping from the federal reserve each time it undertakes a half-percent increase and razes the castle of free money it built up over a decade in response to the 2008 collapse.
Anyway, these numbers are appropriately 4 to 5% closer to the target than expected assuming they can be calculated this precisely it’s a meaningful difference.
I feel like the rise of only 0.1% October->November is more significant than the 7.1% YOY headline number, which is taking into account a lot of inflation that has already happened months ago. Of course, back in July we had a 0.0% MoM CPI increase that looked promising, but that didn't last long: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm
The anatomy of the 1970s recession was similar - inflation in oil had stopped by 1975, but the worst of the inflation was carried through 1977-1981 by mortgage rates, rents, and wages.
Oil prices doubled between 1975 and 1980 so it was still contributing.
Didn’t you have the black swan of the US going off the Gold Standard as a major inflationary driver at that time? Is there a similar looming inflationary pressure you see now?
My (limited) model is we’re seeing some supply-side disruptions and a some hot demand from Covid stimulus, but it’s not clear to me if these drivers are likely to continue through 2023 and beyond. (I assume mostly not, with Ukraine being the big problem, but mostly for EU rather than US.)
https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c11462/c11462.pdf
I'd also encourage you to look at actual numeric data from the time period - measured CPI [1] across different categories, fed funds rate [2], money supply, etc.
The data tells a very different story from the story - for one, it was neither caused by oil shocks, nor limited to the 1970s. It actually started in 1968, and the 1973 oil shock happened when the U.S. was already in recession from a Fed tightening that began in 1972 to deal with 1970's high inflation. Personally I'd attribute the cause as a series of poor decisions that were papered away by low interest rates, but which eventually compounded to devalue the currency. Vietnam took many young Americans out of the workforce and redirected production to war, Nixon pressured his Fed chief to lower interest rates, Nixon took us off the gold standard, Nixon introduced price controls (which further compounded supply issues), the oil shock hit, banks raised interest rates to compensate for inflation, which raised the cost of housing, which caused more inflation, until Volcker finally caused a massive recession and got it under control.
Note also that there were multiple waves of inflation (6.2% @ 1969, 12.3% @ 1974, 13.3% @ 1979) + Fed tightening (9% @ 1970, 11% @ 1972, 13% @ 1972, 18% @ 1980, 19% @ 1981). These were effective but not persistent - in between inflation fell to 3.3% @ 1971 and 4.9% @ 1976. Even in very high-inflation years you had some months with virtually no inflation - for example July 1973 (0.1% MoM), March 1974 (0.2% MoM), July 1980 (0%).
History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes. IMHO this was caused by having an economy that's very tightly optimized for ZIRP & globalization; introducing a pandemic that killed a million Americans, took another ~4.5M out of the workforce, and closed borders; and adding on some geopolitical black swans like the Ukraine war. Now workers need to reallocate from speculative high-margin activities like tech startups back to fundamentals like growing food and hauling trucks, and that is unlikely to happen unless the wages for truck drivers in the future exceed those of software developers now. We'll get cycles in between as the Fed tightens and loosens and causes recessions, but we don't fix the root problem until average income is ~$200K/year.
[1] https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/consumer-pri...
You are correct.
They always report the much more meaningless headline number. The current inflation rate is around 1.2%, well below Powell's target.
Of course we've already overshot, and are still at risk of a manufactured recession. Which was the goal, workers were getting uppity and We Can't Have That.
As one can see, the CPI was fairly steep during the period from Jan 2021 till June 2022; from there it has visibly flattened.
EDIT: A rolling 6 month annualized rate makes the drop pretty obvious: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1VCEwEDWCAaWhmbosXIcD...
Might not look as bad as when it's super zoomed in, but that still seems pretty bad (and definitely historic).
Fed discovers relationship between interest rates and inflation, more at 11.
You mean capital will follow the best rates to fight inflation? Crazy!
> The GDPNow model estimate for real GDP growth (seasonally adjusted annual rate) in the fourth quarter of 2022 is 3.2 percent on December 9, down from 3.4 percent on December 6.
Also, fyi, while wages overall did not keep up with inflation, they did in the service sector and largely for lower paying jobs. I see that as correcting an imbalance in the economy, and as a stabilizer for American society as a whole.
Talk about a "soft landing" is very 2006-ish.
Inflation is the rise in price of every single item for sale across a market, not just the "basket" of goods selected to be a good example, and subject to adjustment and correction over time.
It is entirely possible that inflation that averages out to 10% for a year may double the cost of living for some people, and actually make things cheaper for others.
Scalars are 1-dimensional. Inflation is very much a one-dimensional number, ranging from positive to negative.
Vectors have 2 or more dimensions, interpretable as a scalar with a rotational direction. So how would that describe inflation exactly...?
And if you're trying to say that inflation changes over time, that doesn't turn it into a vector. That's just a scalar time series.
It's (2, 0.5).
You could turn this into a scalar if you want to. But you have to throw away information to do so. Or, to put it another way, you have to select a subset of the information.
You can't interpret the inflation vector as a direction, because inflation space is not a metric space (or something - the particular genre of vector spaces where geometric concepts are meaningful).
The difference is direction. Are you just warning about deflation?
The admin has been against net new output and using many tools to push their ‘green new deal’ agenda.
Not the mention, CPI is one thing, and how the average American feels is another. If you poll random people on the street, this "slowdown" in inflation is not perceived by individuals' wallets. This means consumer behavior is not necessarily reflected in CPI prints.
[1] https://www.newyorkfed.org/newsevents/news/research/2022/202...
On average, wages have not kept up with inflation.
This means the average person will either cut back, or they will make the sub-optimal decision to not change their spending habits.
Once a certain threshold in the cost of money is reached, malinvestment will dwindle. In many cases, it already has. You're left with a system of dollars chasing legitimate investments.