Unless something changed, you can enable SMS MFA, add TOTP as a secondary MFA option, then remove SMS to only have TOTP. I did this a couple years ago after someone explained it to me. It is stupid, tedious, and still requires giving up your phone number to Google, but it may help you as it did me.

I also use KeePassXC and have had phone issues in the past, so I hate relying on my phone for anything important (it's also just not as convenient as copy/pasting from KeePassXC).