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This is a good write-up that justifies dark matter using 7 independent pieces of evidence: https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/7-independent-pieces-o...

"The Road to Precision Cosmology" is a good summary of how we ended up with the current theories: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.04741

You could read through the relevant Wikipedia pages for an overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter#Observational_evid...

Wikipedia is rarely a good introduction for laymen. It tends to be a great reference for people already in the field.

That's true in mathematics, but I find for any other subject it's a great reference for anyone intelligent enough to understand the subject.

(One might remark that I'm just not intelligent enough to understand advanced mathematics, and they might be right...)