Symbian was the last weird built-from-scratch OS that shipped a massive amount of units (over 100M in 2010).
In its last years it got a POSIX compatibility layer. Before that it was hard to even use C strings — which I presume was considered a feature by the Symbian API designers, but unfortunately they made their design choices in the mid-1990s using a subset of C++ that didn’t age well at all.