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Comment by haimez | Hacker News Reader

> It definitely saved memory, but it was slightly slower or the same speed. My guess is that 32-bit performance isn't prioritized on x86-64 by either compiler writers or chip designers, i.e. they optimize for the common case of 64 bit pointers.

That may be partially to blame, but depending on your implementation (was this x32 or actual compressed pointers?) the overhead of “decompressing” each pointer dereference may have been a significant factor. For null-safe languages like Java or JavaScript you already have null checks and may have GC barrier checks on most dereferences, so the extra costs are already expected- but adding a shift and/or constant add to each access is going to be a more noticeable cost compared to plain accesses in native code.

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This is dirt simple native C++ code compiled with -m32, with structs and pointers (which happens to be generated, but that doesn't matter here)

I would expect that dereferencing a 32-bit pointer on x86-64 has zero overhead compared to dereferencing a 64-bit pointer (though I didn't test it). The only way I can see it being slower in the context of a real program is if the base address is an operand that has to be loaded from memory. But it shouldn't be because it's a 32-bit address space and it should be handled by the VMM, i.e. the base address is constant for the entire process.

-m32 doesn't target the x32 ABI though, it targets x86. Per the manual:

> The -m32 option sets int, long, and pointer types to 32 bits, and generates code that runs on any i386 system.

That restricts you to the smaller register set, removes all amd64 instructions, and uses the x86 ABI (on Linux, parameters are passed on the stack instead of in registers.) I suspect that this is why your program became slower, as opposed to using 32-bit pointers.

Hm so then how do you compile for x32 and have 32-bit pointers without the other restrictions?

It sounds like x32 is poorly supported by Linux and x86 would be better supported.

I think that the answer here is "not easily". To use the x32 ABI, you would need:

1. Kernel support to be enabled in order to make x32 system calls. Checking /proc/config.gz on Arch Linux, my kernel does not appear to have it enabled.

2. An x32 toolchain to build against. For gcc and glibc, that would mean re-compiling as described here: https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/x32

3. All of the libraries you link with to be recompiled for the x32 ABI.

x86 is definitely easier to build against since there's still legacy software using it, whereas almost nobody seems to use x32. However, over the long term I expect x86 compatibility will bit-rot too.

Yeah it sounds like x32 is really only practical for embedded systems, if anything

Limited use of registers in x86 does sound like a good explanation for it being a wash in terms of speed

It seems like there is very little language-level support for small pointers. Only the unreleased Jai language seems to have "relative pointers" (or maybe they took this out)

The Zig compiler recently replaced pointers with integers in their code representation for memory/speed, but lost some type safety in the process -- i.e. a T* isn't a U*, but indices into t[] and u[] are the same type. I'm not sure I like that tradeoff, and it seems like language-level support would help

I would definitely you to give a shot at compiling Oilshell to x32.

It definitely _is_ a pain to compile for it.

x32 ABI is not switched on by default on any distro that I'm aware, so you would need to recompile your kernel to get support for it. I think the poor support for it probably is because almost no one is using it. There was even a kernel thread discussing removing support for it.

So, from the point of view of distributing it to end users, x32 ABI is pretty much dead end (for now, *until distros start turning on the flag for it on, for their standard default distribution kernels).

But I would definitely be interested in your results. Most likely, you should see a smaller footprint + a speed boost.

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