Great question! We have a technical blog post about how PlanetScale Boost is implemented: https://planetscale.com/blog/how-planetscale-boost-serves-yo...
In short, it can be compared in consistency to an up-to-date read replica; PlanetScale Boost uses Vitess' VStream to process events as they happen and keep itself up to date. The blog has much more information if you're curious.